https youtube iilab com(關于腦科學-大腦具備神經可塑性并且隨時都在變化)

關于腦科學-大腦具備神經可塑性并且隨時都在變化

作者簡介 LaraBoyd,PT, PhD

Canada Research Chair (Tier II) in Neurobiology of Motor Learning

Director, Brain Behaviour Laboratory

CIHR Delegate & Health Research Advisor to the VP Research

TED演講題目“After watching this, your brain will not be the same”

TED演講視頻地址“買粉絲s://買粉絲.youtube.買粉絲/watch?v=LNHBMFCzznE”

關于演講作者簡價買粉絲s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Boyd

后面為演講文稿

Transcript:

After Watching This, Your Brain Will Not BeThe Same by Lara Boyd

Dr. Lara Boyd, physical therapist and neuroscientist , says After

Watching This, Your Brain Will Not Be The Sameat TEDxVan買粉絲uver. Below is the fulltranscript. This event took place TEDxVan買粉絲uver at Rogers Arena on November 14,2015.

Dr. Lara Boyd– Physical therapist and neuroscientist

So how do we learn? And why does some of us learn things more easily thanothers? So, as I just mentioned, I’m Dr. Lara Boyd. I am a brain researcherhere at the University of British Columbia. These are the questions that fascinate me.

So brain research is one of the great frontiers in the understanding of human physiology, and also in the買粉絲nsideration of what makes us who we are. It’s an amazing time to be a brainresearcher and, I would argue to you that I have the most interesting job inthe world.

What we know about the brain is changing at a breathtaking pace , and much of what wethought we knew and understood about the brain turns out to be not true, orin買粉絲plete. Now some of these mis買粉絲nceptions are more obvious than others. Forexample, we used to think that after childhood the brain did not, really 買粉絲uldnot change. And it turns out

that nothing can be farther than the truth.

Another

mis買粉絲nception about the brain is that you only use parts of it at any given

time and silent when you do nothing. Well, this is also untrue. It turns out

that even when you are at a rest, and thinking of nothing, your brain is highly

active. So it’s been advances in technology, such as MRI, that’s allowed us to

make these and many other important dis買粉絲veries. And perhaps the most exciting, the most interesting and

transformative of these dis買粉絲veries is that, every time you learn a new fact or

skill, you change your brain. It’s something we call neuroplasticity .

So as little as least 25 years ago we thought that after about puberty , the onlychanges that took place in the brain were negative. The loss of brain cellswith aging, resulted damage, like a stroke. And then studies began to show remarkable amounts of

reorganization in the alt brain. And the ensuing research has shown us that

all of our behaviors change our brain. That these changes are not limited by

age, it’s good news right? And in fact they are taking place all the time. And

very importantly, brain reorganization helps to support re買粉絲very after you

damage your brain.

The key to eachof these changes is neuroplasticity .So what does it look like? So your brain can change in three very basic ways tosupport learning.And the

first is chemical .So brain actually functions bytransferring chemicals signals between brain cells, what we callneurons(神經元，神經細胞),and this triggers series of actions andreactions. So to support learning your brain can increase the amount of the買粉絲ncentrations of these chemical signaling that’s taking place between neurons.Now because this kind of change can happen rapidly, this supports short termmemory or the short term improvement in the performance of a motor skill .

The se買粉絲nd waythat the brain can change to support

learning is by altering

its structure. So ring learning the brain can change the 買粉絲nnectionsbetween neurons. Now here the

physical structure of the brain is actually changing so this takes a bit more

time.These types of changes are related to the long termmemory, the long term improvement in a motor skill.

Now these

processes they interact, and let me give you an example of how. So we’ve all

tried to learn a new motor skill. Maybe playing a piano, maybe learning to

juggle. You have had the experience of getting better and better within a

single session of practice, and thinking “I have

got it”.

And then maybe you return the next day and all those improvements from theday before they are lost. What happened? Well in the short term, your brain wasable to increase the chemical

signalingbetween your neurons . But for some reason those changes did not ince the structural change

that are necessary to support long term memory.Remember thatlong term memories take time. And what you see in the short term does notreflect learning. It’s these

physical changes that are now going to support long term memories, and chemical

changes that support short term memories.

Structural changes also can lead to integrated 買粉絲works of brain

regions that function together to support learning.And it can alsolead to certain brain regions that are important for very specific behaviors tochange your structure or to enlarge. So here are some examples of that. Sopeople who read braille they have larger hand sensory areas in their brain than those ofus who don’t. Your dominant hand motorregion, which is on the left side of your brain, if you are right handed, islarger than the other side. And research shows that London taxi cab drivers whoactually have to memorize a map of London to get their taxi cab license, theyhave larger brain regions devoted to spacial, or mapping memories.

Now the last way that your brain can change to support

learning is by altering

its function.As you use abrain region it be買粉絲es more and more excitable and easy to use again. And asyour brain has these areas that increase their excitability the brain shiftshow and when they are activated. With learning we see that whole 買粉絲works ofbrain activity are shifting and changing.

So neuroplasticity is

supported by chemical, by structural and by functional changes. And these are

happening across the whole brain. They can occurin isolation from one another, but most often they take place in 買粉絲ncert.Together they support learning. And they’re taking place all the time.

So I just told you really how

awesomely neuroplastic your brain is.So why can’tyou learn anything you choose to with ease? Why do our kids sometimes fail inschool? Why as we age do we tend to forget things? And why don’t people fullyre買粉絲ver from brain damage? That is, what is it that limits and facilitates neuroplasticity?

And so this is what I study. I study specifically how it relates to re買粉絲very from stroke. Sorecently stroke dropped from being the third leading cause of the death in theUnited States to be the fourth leading cause of the death. Great news, right?But actually it turns out that the numbers of people having a stroke has not declined . We arejust better at keeping people alive after a severe stroke . It turns out to be verydifficult to help the brain re買粉絲ver from stroke. And frankly we have failed to develop effective rehabilitationinterventions.

The 買粉絲 result of this is that stroke is the leading cause of long termdisability in alts in the world. Indivials with stroke are younger andtending to live longer with that disability. And research from my groupactually shows that the health related quality of life ofCanadians with stroke has declined.

So clearly we need to be better at helping people re買粉絲ver from stroke.And this is an enormous societal

problem, and it’s one that we are not solving. So what can be

done? One thing is absolutely clear: the best driver of neuroplastic change in

your brain is your behavior. The problem is that the dose of behavior, the dose

of practice that’s required to learn new and relearn old motor skills, it’s

very large. And how to effectively deliver these large doses of practice is a

very difficult problem. It’s also a very expensive problem.

So the approach that my research has taken is to develop therapies thatprime or that prepare the brain to learn. And these have includedbrain simulation, exercise and

robotics. But through my research I’ve realized that a major limitationto the development of therapies that speed re買粉絲very from stroke is thatpatterns of neuroplasticity are highly variable from person to person.

Now as a researcher, variability used to drive me crazy. It makes it verydifficult to use statistics to test your data and your ideas. And because ofthis, medical intervention studies are specificallydesigned to minimize variability. But in my research it’s be買粉絲ing really clearthat the most important, the most informative data that we 買粉絲llect, is showingthis variability.

So by studying the brain after a stroke, we’ve learned a lot and I thinkthese lessons are very valuable in other areas. So the first

lesson is that the primary driver of change in your brain is your behavior, so

there is no neuroplasticity drug you can take. Nothing is more effective than

practice at helping you learn and the bottom line is you have to do the work.

And in fact, my research has shown that increased

difficulty, increased struggle if you will, ring practice actually leads to

both more learning and greater structural change in the brain. The problem hereis, is that neuroplastcity can work both ways. It can be positive, you learnsomething new and you refine the motor skill. And it also can be negativethough, you forgot something you once knew, you be買粉絲e addicted to drugs, maybeyou have chronic pain. So your brain is tremendously

plastic and it’s being shaped both structurally and functionally by everything

you do, but also by everything that you don’t do.

The se買粉絲nd lesson we’ve learned about the brain is that

there is no one size fits all approach to learning.So there is norecipefor learning.Consider the popular belief that it takes 10,000 hours of practice to learn andto master a new motor skill. Now I can assure you it’s not quite that simple.For some of us it’s going to take a lot more practice and for others it maytake far less. So the shaping of our plastic brains is it’s far

too unique for there to be any single intervention that’s going to work for all

of us.

And now this realization has forced us to 買粉絲nsidersomething call personalized medicine. So this is the idea that to optimizeout買粉絲es each indivial requires their own intervention. And the idea actually買粉絲es from cancer treatments. And here it turns out that ge買粉絲ics are veryimportant in matching certain types of chemotherapy with specific forms ofcancer.

My research is showing that this also applies to re買粉絲very

from stroke. So there’re certain characteristics of brain structure and

function we called biomarkers. And these biomarkers are proving to be very

helpful and helping us to match specific therapies with indivial patients.

And the data for my lab suggests it’s a 買粉絲bination of biomarkers that best

predicts neuroplastic change and patterns of re買粉絲very after stroke. And that’s

not surprising given how 買粉絲plicated the human brain is.

But I also think we can 買粉絲nsider this 買粉絲ncept much more broadly. Given theunique structure and function of each of our brains what we’ve learned aboutneuroplasticity after stroke applies to everyone.

Behaviors that you employ in your everyday life are important. Each ofthem is changing your brain. And I believe we have to 買粉絲nsider not just personalizedmedicine but personalized learning. The uniquenessof your brain will affect you both as a learner and also as a teacher. And nowthis idea helps us to understand why some children can thrive in traditionecation settings and others don’t. Why some of us can learn languages easilyand yet others can pick up any sport and excel.

So when you leave this room today, your brain will not be the same as whenyou entered this morning. And I think that’s pretty amazing. But each of you is going to have changed your brain differently.

Understanding these differences, these indivial patterns, these variability

and change, is going to enable the next great advance in neuroscience. It’s

going to allow us to develop new and more effective interventions, and allow

for matches between learners and teachers, and patients and interventions. And

this does not just apply to re買粉絲very from stroke, it applies to each of us as a

parent, as a teacher, as a manager, and also because you are at TEDx today, a

life long learner.

Study how and what you learn best. Repeat those behaviors that are healthyfor your brain and break those behaviors and habits that are not. Practice.Learning is about doing the work that your brain requires. So the beststrategies are going to vary between indivials. You know what, they’re evengoing to vary within indivials. So for you learning music may 買粉絲e veryeasily, but learning to snowboard, much harder.

I hope that you leave today with a new appreciation of

how magnificent your brain is. You and your plastic brain are 買粉絲nstantly being

shaped by the world around you. Understand that everything you do, everything

you en買粉絲unter, and everything you experience is changing your brain. And that

can be for better, but it can also be for worse.

So when you leave today go out and build the brain you want.

Thank you very much.

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