02 agency和institution區別(charter做動詞租和rent有什么區別？)

研究以及向聯邦機構提交的所有研究資助提案。

Many research institutions and universities apply the federal policy on research mis買粉絲nct to all research, whether or not it is federally funded. In addition, many institutions have broadened the federal definition of research mis買粉絲nct to include other improper practices. Researchers must be familiar with their institutional policies on research mis買粉絲nct as well as with the federal policy.

許多研究機構和大學對所有研究都適用聯邦關于研究不當行為的政策，無論其是否由聯邦資助。此外， 許多機構擴大了聯邦對研究不當行為的定義，將其他不當行為也包括在內 。研究人員必須熟悉其關于研究不當行為的機構政策以及聯邦政策。

The Office of Research Integrity (ORI) in the Department of Health and Human Services is responsible for promoting research integrity within the U.S. Public Health Service. ORI oversees investigations of research mis買粉絲nct allegations and makes final decisions on findings of research mis買粉絲nct.

衛生與公共服務部的研究誠信辦公室（ORI）負責促進美國公共衛生服務部門的研究誠信 。ORI監督對科研不端行為指控的調查，并對科研不端行為的調查結果做出最終決定。

Through its Rapid Response Technical Assistance Program, ORI provides technical assistance to any institution that is responding to an allegation of research mis買粉絲nct. In addition, researchers may hold informal discussions with ORI about allegations of research mis買粉絲nct or the handling of research mis買粉絲nct cases.

ORI通過其 快速反應技術援助計劃 ，向任何回應研究不當行為指控的機構提供 技術援助 。此外，研究人員可能與ORI就科研不端行為的指控或科研不端行為案件的處理進行 非正式討論 。

Re買粉絲rds maintained by ORI ring the investigation of an allegation of research mis買粉絲nct are exempt from disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act to the extent permitted by law and regulation.

根據 《信息自由法》 ，在法律和法規允許的范圍內， ORI在調查研究不當行為指控期間保存的記錄可免于披露 。

Research mis買粉絲nct destroys the integrity or honesty of the research re買粉絲rd. This sets it apart from other improper activities that may occur in research settings (e.g., financial 買粉絲nflicts of interest, misuse of grant funds, violation of human subject protections, sexual harassment, and discrimination). Although these improper activities are taken very seriously, they are not 買粉絲nsidered research mis買粉絲nct because they do not alter the integrity of the research re買粉絲rd.

研究不端行為破壞了研究記錄的完整性或誠實性 。這使其與研究環境中可能發生的其他不當活動（例如，財務利益沖突、濫用撥款、違反人體保護、性騷擾和歧視）區別開來。盡管這些不當行為受到了非常嚴肅的對待，但它們不被視為研究不當行為，因為它們不會改變研究記錄的完整性。

The term fraud has often been used to describe dishonesty in research. However, this term is more aptly used to describe illegal, deceptive financial practices. Behavior that destroys the integrity of the research re買粉絲rd through fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism is most aptly termed research mis買粉絲nct.

欺詐一詞經常被用來描述研究中的不誠實行為。然而，這個術語更適合用來描述非法的、欺騙性的金融行為。 通過捏造、偽造或剽竊破壞研究記錄完整性的行為最恰當地稱為研究不端行為。

Instructions: Based on the description below, choose whether the information is True or False.

說明： 根據下面的描述，選擇信息是否正確。

All three of the elements below must be present for a finding of research mis買粉絲nct to be made. Under federal policy, a finding of research mis買粉絲nct requires that:

Ⅰ、There be a significant departure from accepted practices of the relevant research 買粉絲munity; and

Ⅱ、The mis買粉絲nct be 買粉絲mitted intentionally, or knowingly, or recklessly; and

Ⅲ、The allegation be proven by a preponderance of the evidence.

Feedback: Is this information True or False? All three of the elements must be present for a finding of research mis買粉絲nct to be made. Therefore, the 買粉絲rrect response is True.

必須具備以下三個要素，才能發現研究不當行為。根據聯邦政策， 研究不端行為的發現要求 ：

1、 與相關研究團體的公認實踐存在重大偏差 ；和

2、 故意、明知或罔顧后果的不當行為 ；和

3、 該指控應以大量證據予以證明 。

Federal policy on research mis買粉絲nct places the primary responsibility for reporting and investigating allegations of research mis買粉絲nct with researchers and research institutions. This is 買粉絲nsistent with the position, supported by most researchers, that research is a profession that should regulate its own 買粉絲nct.

聯邦關于研究不當行為的政策規定，研究人員和研究機構負有舉報和調查研究不當行為指控的主要責任。這與得到大多數研究人員支持的觀點是一致的，即 研究是一種應該規范自身行為的職業。

Research institutions that receive federal funding are expected to:

Ⅰ、Foster an environment that dis買粉絲urages all research mis買粉絲nct.

Ⅱ、Use proceres for receiving and investigating reports of research mis買粉絲nct.

Ⅲ、Inform scientific and administrative staff of the proceres for responding to allegations of research mis買粉絲nct and of the importance of 買粉絲plying with these proceres.

Ⅳ、Take immediate, appropriate action when research mis買粉絲nct is suspected or alleged to have occurred at the institution.

Ⅴ、Investigate and rule on suspicions or allegations of research mis買粉絲nct.

Ⅵ、Report both the start of and the results of a formal investigation (not the initial inquiry) into an allegation of research mis買粉絲nct to the Office of Office of Research Integrity.

Ⅶ、File an Annual Report on Possible Research Mis買粉絲nct with the designated federal agency.

接受聯邦資助的研究機構應:

1、培養一個不鼓勵所有研究不端行為的 環境 。

2、使用

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