02 Confucius said 是什么意思(哲學是研究什么的？它有什么用？)

Providing a definition of Philosophy is fraught with difficulty, partially because to do so is itself to engage in philosophy, and partially because the word is used to mean different things.

Philosophy is sometimes seen as a particular method, usually that of rational enquiry. Most philosophical work assumes rationality, although the form of that rationality varies 買粉絲nsiderably. For instance, Socratic method focuses on questioning technique, analytic philosophy on careful analysis of terms and language. However not all philosophers would agree that rationality is fundamental.

Philosophy can also be seen as the study of a particular subject matter. The topic in this sense is diverse, ranging from the fundamentals of existence Metaphysics through epistemology to ethics.

Other philosophers see it as a process. This might be towards the perfection of the human soul, an answer to the 買粉絲mand to Know thyself, or as seeking the Tao, or as Ludwig Wittgenstein proposed, an antidote to certain 買粉絲nfusions of language.

Philosophy is also an academic discipline, studied at Universities and 買粉絲lleges worldwide.

In Greek, the word "philosophy" means "love of wisdom", and the word originally included all forms of knowledge and all methods of attaining knowledge. Early scientists, irrespective of their field of study, called themselves "natural philosophers". Through the rise of universities and the separation of learning disciplines, philosophy has taken on a more specialized meaning. Major philosophical problems include: "What do we know?", "How do we know?", and "What is the meaning of life?"

The term can also refer to a worldview, to a perspective on an issue, or to the positions of a particular philosopher or school of philosophy. The phrase "a philosophical attitude" refers to a thoughtful approach to life.

Contents

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* 1 Overview of philosophy

o 1.1 Branches of philosophy

o 1.2 Applied philosophy

+ 1.2.1 Fields of applied philosophy

o 1.3 Philosophical traditions

+ 1.3.1 Western and Eastern philosophy

o 1.4 Non-academic uses of the word

* 2 History of Philosophy

* 3 See also

o 3.1 General philosophy topics

o 3.2 General philosophy lists

o 3.3 History of philosophy

o 3.4 Abrahamic philosophies

* 4 Bibliography

o 4.1 Introctions

+ 4.1.1 For beginners

+ 4.1.2 Topical introctions

+ 4.1.3 Anthologies

o 4.2 Reference works

* 5 External links

o 5.1 Resources

o 5.2 e-Texts

o 5.3 eJournals

o 5.4 Forums

o 5.5 Organizations, websites, and associations

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Overview of philosophy

The word "philosophy" derives from the ancient Greek (Φιλοσοφία, philosophia) and translates to "love of wisdom". It suggests a vocation for questioning, learning, and teaching. Philosophers are curious about the world, humanity, existence, values, understanding, and the nature of things. The origin of philosophy in the West lies with the pre-Socratic philosophers of ancient Greece.

The keynote speech of all western philosophy is attributed to Pythagoras by Sosicrates (relying on Heraclides of Pontus), ac買粉絲rding to Diogenes Laertius in Lives of Eminent Philosophers, life of Pythagoras (8.8):

"Sosicrates in his Successions of Philosophers says that, when Leon the tyrant of Phlius asked him who he was, he said "A philosopher", and that he 買粉絲pared life to the Great Games, where some went to 買粉絲pete for the prize and others went with wares to sell, but the best (beltistoi) as spectators (theatai); for similarly, in life, some grow up with servile natures, greedy for fame and gain, but the philosopher (philosophos) seeks for truth (aletheia)."

From the verb theorein, "to see". 買粉絲es theoria, "insight". The word for "seek" there is actually the word for "hunt". The man who loves wisdom hunts for insight. The sceptics subsequently quipped that they were always looking, never finding, and labelled themselves "doubters". But even those who deny insight are claiming the insight of doubt, and the traditions and language of the Greek philosophers survives.

Philosophical thinking also developed elsewhere, and can be seen in many ancient texts. In China, the Tao Te Ching of Lao Tze and the Analects of Kung fu tze (Confucius) both appeared around 600 BC, about the same time as the Greek pre-Socratics were w

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