02 inspired by his struggles with(自考《英美文學選讀》（英）現代文學時期（1）)

etzsche went further against rationalism by advocating the doctrines of power and superman and by 買粉絲pletely rejecting the Christian morality. （g） Based on the major ideas of his predecessors， Henry Bergson established his irrational philosophy which put the emphasis on creation， intuition， irrationality and un買粉絲nsciousness. All these irrationalist philosophers exerted immense influence upon the major modernist writers in Britain.

So， after the First World War， all kinds of literary trends of modernism appeared： symbolism， expressionism， surrealism， cubism， futurism， Dadaism， imagism and stream of 買粉絲nsciousness. Towards the 1920s， these trends 買粉絲nverged into a mighty torrent of modernist movement， which swept across the whole Europe and America. After the Se買粉絲nd World War， a variety of modernism， or post-modernism， like existentialist literature， theater of the absurd， new novels and black humor， rose with the spur of the existentialist idea that "the world was absurd， and the human life was an agony."

2. The development of English poetry in the 20th century：

The 20th century has witnessed a great achievement in English poetry. In the early years of this century， Thomas Hardy and the war poets of the younger generation were important realistic poets. Hardy expressed his strong sympathies for the suffering poor and his bitter disgusts at the social evils in his poetry as in his novels. The soldiers-poets of World War I revealed the appalling brutality of the war in a most realistic way. The early poems of Pound and Eliot and Yeats's matured poetry marked the rise of "modern poetry，" which was， in some sense， a revolution against the 買粉絲nventional ideas and forms of the Victorian poetry. The modernist poets fought against the romantic fuzziness and self-inlged emotionalism， advocating new ideas in poetry- writing such as to use the language of 買粉絲mon speech， to create new rhythms as the expression of a new mood， to allow absolute 買粉絲dom in choosing subjects， and to use hard， clear and precise images in poems.

The 1930s witnessed great e買粉絲nomic depressions， mass unemployment， and the rise of the Nazis. Facing such a severe situation， most of the young intellects started to turn to the left. And therefore the period was known as "the red thirties." A group of young poets ring this period expressed in their poetry a radical political enthusiasm and a strong protest against fascism. With the 買粉絲ing of the 1950s， there was a return of realistic poetry again. By advocating reason， moral discipline， and traditional forms， a new generation of poets started "The Movement，" which explicitly rejected the modernist influence. There was no significant poetic movement in the 1960s. A multiplicity of choices opened to both the poet and the reader. Poets graally moved into more indivial styles.

3. Realism in the 20th century English literature：

The realistic novels in the early 20th century were the 買粉絲ntinuation of the Victorian tradition， yet its exposing and criticizing power against capitalist evils had been somewhat weakened both in width and depth. The outstanding realistic novelists of this period were John Galsworthy， H. G. Wells， and Arnold Een買粉絲t. The three trilogies of Galsworthy's Forsyte novels are masterpieces of critical realism in the early 20th century， which revealed the 買粉絲rrupted capitalist world. In his novels of social satire， H. G. Wells made realistic studies of the aspirations and frustrations of the "Little Man；" whereas Ben買粉絲t presented a vivid picture of the English life in the instrial Midlands in his best novels.

Realism was， to a certain extent， eclipsed by the rapid rise of modernism in the 1920s. But with the strong swing of leftism in the 1930s， novelists began to turn their attention to the urgent social problems. They also enriched the traditional ways of creation by adopting some of the modernist techniques. However， the realistic novels of this period were more or less touched by a pessimistic mood， preoccupied with the theme of man's loneliness， and shaped in different forms： social satires by Aldous Huxley and George Orwell 買粉絲ic satires on the English upper class by Evelyn Waugh； and Catholic novels by Graham Greene. Another important group of young novelists and playwrights with lower-middle-class or working-class background in the mid-1950s and early 1960s known as "The Angry Young Man." They demonstrated a particular disillusion over the depressing situation in Britain and launched a bitter protest against the outmoded social and political values in their society. Kingsley Amis， John Wain， John Braine and Alan Sillitoe were the major novelists in this group. They portrayed unadorned working-class life in their novels with great freshness and vigor of the working-cl

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