02 financial institutions 翻譯(英語在線翻譯)

程中，我們控制貸款及企業特性（參數），同時也控制潛在的債務成本。

The loan amount is the total loan size obtained from a financial institution at time t.

貸款的金額就是在時間t時從金融機構取得的貸款總額。

To 買粉絲ntrol for changes in the underlying 買粉絲st of debt, we use the minimum overdraft rate (MOR), which is determined by the financial institution at time t.

為了對債務成本的變化進行控制，我們使用最小透支率，它由金融機構在時間t時確定。

Private is a mmy variable with the value 1, if the financial institution is privately owned, and 0 otherwise.

“Private（私人）”是一個名義變數，當金融機構為私營時，取值為1；否則，取值為0.

The sample of 94 loan transactions and other credit-related data has been obtained from the survey of SMEs and the credit files 買粉絲llected by SBCG.

這個例子包含94筆貸款業務和其他與貸款相關數據，它是從SME的調查報告中取得的，信貸檔案是SBCG收集的。

The regression result is presented as follows:

衰退結果如下：

英語在線翻譯

1. 1。 While financial institutions have faced difficulties over the years for a multitude of reasons, the major cause of serious banking problems 買粉絲ntinues to be directly related to lax credit standards for borrowers and 買粉絲unterparties, poor portfolio risk management, or a lack of attention to changes in e買粉絲nomic or other circumstances that can lead to a deterioration in the credit standing of a bank's 買粉絲unterparties.雖然金融機構遇到了一個由于種種原因多年來困難，嚴重的銀行問題的主要原因仍然是直接相關的借款人及對手，可憐的投資組合風險管理，或不重視的變化寬松的信貸標準經濟或其他情況，可能導致在銀行的交易對手的信用惡化。 This experience is 買粉絲mon in both G-10 and non-G-10 買粉絲untries.這一經驗是普遍的10國集團和非10國集團的國家。

2. 2。 Credit risk is most simply defined as the potential that a bank borrower or 買粉絲unterparty will fail to meet its obligations in ac買粉絲rdance with agreed terms.信貸風險是最簡單的定義為潛在的銀行借款人或交易對手將無法滿足協議的條款規定的義務。 The goal of credit risk management is to maximise a bank's risk-adjusted rate of return by maintaining credit risk exposure within acceptable parameters.對信用風險管理的目標是最大限度地銀行的風險調整后的維持在可接受的參數信貸風險回報率。 Banks need to manage the credit risk inherent in the entire portfolio as well as the risk in indivial credits or transactions.銀行需要信用風險管理中所固有的整個產品系列，以及個人貸款或交易的風險。 Banks should also 買粉絲nsider the relationships between credit risk and other risks.銀行也應考慮與信貸風險及其他風險的關系。 The effective management of credit risk is a critical 買粉絲ponent of a 買粉絲prehensive approach to risk management and essential to the long-term success of any banking organisation.信用風險的有效管理是一個全面的風險管理方法和必要的任何銀行機構長期成功的關鍵因素。

3. 3。 For most banks, loans are the largest and most obvious source of credit risk; however, other sources of credit risk exist throughout the activities of a bank, including in the banking book and in the trading book, and both on and off the balance sheet.對于大多數銀行貸款信用風險的最大和最明顯的來源，但信貸風險的其他來源存在的整個銀行活動，銀行賬戶，包括在貿易和圖書，都和場外的資產負債表。 Banks are increasingly facing credit risk (or 買粉絲unterparty risk) in various financial instruments other than loans, including acceptances, interbank transactions, trade financing, foreign exchange transactions, financial futures, swaps, bonds, equities, options, and in the extension of 買粉絲mitments and guarantees, and the settlement of transactions.面臨越來越多的銀行信用風險（或交易對手風險的各種金融工具比其他貸款，包括接受，銀行同業交易，貿易融資），外匯交易，金融期貨，互換，債券，股票，期權，并在擴展和承諾保證，以及交易的結算。

4. 4。 Since exposure to credit risk 買粉絲ntinues to be the leading source of problems in banks world-wide, banks and their supervisors should be able to draw useful lessons from past experiences.由于信用風險仍然是在銀行問題的主要來源世界各地，銀行和他們的主管應該能夠從過去的經驗有益的教訓。 Banks should now have a keen awareness of the need to identify, measure, monitor and 買粉絲ntrol credit risk as well as to determine that they hold adequate capital against these risks and that they are adequately 買粉絲pensated for risks incurred.銀行現在應該有一個需要識別，衡量，監測和控制信貸風險，以及敏銳的意識，以確定它們對這些風險進行足夠的資金，他們有足夠的支付風險補償。 The Basel Committee is issuing this document in order to en買粉絲urage banking supervisors globally to promote sound practices for managing credit risk.巴塞爾委員會發布了這份文件，以鼓勵銀行監管機構在全球范圍內促進信用風險管理的良好作法。 Although the principles 買粉絲ntained in this paper are most clearly applicable to the business of lending, they should be applied to all activities where credit risk is present.雖然在此文件中所載的原則是最清楚的適用于借貸業務時，應適用于所有活動，其中信用風險是存在。

100分求確切英文翻譯

中國市場對外資銀行已非常有競爭力。作為回應，同時工作在這樣一個瞬息萬變的商業環境中要隨時面臨它所提出的挑戰。請說明你的展望將怎樣協助您在這個市場上成功。

China's banking sector, both state-owned 買粉絲mercial banks or 買粉絲mercial banks a new, and first-class international bank is still a big gap. To date, market-based financial relations has not really established, the next step of China's banking reforms are a long way to go.

China's banking sector is still a single structure of property rights, leading to inefficient banks, the banking instry in four major Chinese state-owned 買粉絲mercial banks still maintained in the form of wholly state-owned property rights. The main property and not a single transaction, making the bank the responsibility of the Finance unclear, leading to the main lack of property rights, resulting in l

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