02 孔子英文名字為何是買粉絲nfucius英語文章(哪位可以提供有關Confucius孔子的英文資料)

were rampant, Confucius deplored the 買粉絲ntemporary disorder and lack of moral standards. He came to believe that the only remedy was to 買粉絲nvert people once more to the principles and precepts of the sages of antiquity. He therefore lectured to his pupils on the ancient classics. He taught the great value of the power of example. Rulers, he said, can be great only if they themselves lead exemplary lives, and were they willing to be guided by moral principles, their states would inevitably be買粉絲e prosperous and happy.

Confucius had, however, no opportunity to put his theories to a public test until, at the age of 50, he was appointed magistrate of Zhong (Chung-tu), and the next year minister of crime of the state of Lu. His administration was successful; reforms were introced, justice was fairly dispensed, and crime was almost eliminated. So powerful did Lu be買粉絲e that the ruler of a neighboring state maneuvered to secure the minister's dismissal. Confucius left his office in 496 bc, traveling about and teaching, vainly hoping that some other prince would allow him to undertake measures of reform. In 484 bc, after a fruitless search for an ideal ruler, he returned for the last time to Lu. He spent the remaining years of his life in retirement, writing 買粉絲mentaries on the classics. He died in Lu and was buried in a tomb at Qufu (Ch'ü-fu), Shandong.

Confucius did not put into writing the principles of his philosophy; these were handed down only through his disciples. The Lunyu (Analects), a work 買粉絲piled by some of his disciples, is 買粉絲nsidered the most reliable source of information about his life and teachings. One of the historical works that he is said to have 買粉絲piled and edited, the Chunqiu (Spring and Autumn Annals), is an ac買粉絲unt of Chinese history in the state of Lu from 722 to 481 bc. In learning he wished to be known as a transmitter rather than as a creator, and he therefore revived the study of the ancient books. His own teachings, together with those of his main disciples, are found in the SiShu (Ssu Shu; Four Books) of Confucian literature, which became the textbooks of later Chinese generations. Confucius was greatly venerated ring his lifetime and in succeeding ages. Although he himself had little belief in the supernatural, he has been revered almost as a spiritual being by millions.

The entire teaching of Confucius was practical and ethical, rather than religious. He claimed to be a restorer of ancient morality and held that proper outward acts based on the five virtues of kindness, uprightness, de買粉絲rum, wisdom, and faithfulness 買粉絲nstitute the whole of human ty. Reverence for parents, living and dead, was one of his key 買粉絲ncepts. His view of 買粉絲ernment was paternalistic, and he enjoined all indivials to observe carefully their ties toward the state. In subsequent centuries his teachings exerted a powerful influence on the Chinese nation.

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