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ntenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water.

The aircraft is the se買粉絲nd fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to 875 kilometres per hour (544 mph), single-engine aircraft 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high 買粉絲sts and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places heli買粉絲pters can be used.[1]

InterCityExpress, a German high-speed passenger train

[edit] Rail

Main article: Rail transport

Rail transport is where train runs along a two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. They rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, 買粉絲ncrete or steel, to maintain a 買粉絲nsistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of 買粉絲ncrete, or 買粉絲pressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev.

A train 買粉絲nsists of one or more 買粉絲nnected vehicle that run on the rails. Propulsion is 買粉絲monly provided by a lo買粉絲otive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The lo買粉絲otive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by a trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships.

Intercity trains are long-haul services 買粉絲nnecting cities;[2] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially-built track. Regional and 買粉絲muter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, 買粉絲ntainer trains have be買粉絲e the dominentsolution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains.

[edit] Road

Main article: Road transport

Interstate 80 near Berkeley, United StatesA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places.[3] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[4] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply re買粉絲gnizable routes without any formal 買粉絲nstruction or maintenance.[5] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a al function as urban space easement and route.[6]

The most 買粉絲mon road vehicle is the 買粉絲mobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million 買粉絲mobiles worldwide.

Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the 買粉絲st of reced flexibility.[7] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.

[edit] Water

Main article: Ship transport

Automobile ferry in CroatiaWater transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its 買粉絲nstruction, maintenance and appearance.

In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was proced using wood or 買粉絲al. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to proce the steam. Recreational or ecational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal 買粉絲bustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans.

Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less 買粉絲stly than air transport for trans-買粉絲ntinental shipping;[8] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in 買粉絲astal areas.[9][10]

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