youtube account log in(現在三星的手機的預裝軟件都能刪除了嗎？)

不想提交art supplement,行不行

很多不申請藝術類專業的同學，對于在申請的時候是否選擇遞交Art

Supplement有些拿不準，這里有一些建議供大家參考：

 

What is the Arts Supplement, and

who should submit an Arts Supplement?

       The Arts Supplement is an optional supplementary form to the Common Application

that allows students to submit visual, audio and 買粉絲 media displaying their

artistic talents. For students with a substantial background in the arts

that cannot be adequately 買粉絲nveyed through essays or activities lists, the Arts

Supplement can play an important role in admissions decisions. In

particular, students who excel in music, film, theater, dance, and/or visual art

may find that submitting materials allows them to better showcase their

talents. Some schools also require the submission of the Arts Supplement

for certain majors or programs that focus on the arts.

        The Arts Supplement certainly isn’t for

everyone, though. Over-submission of the form at many top schools has led

admissions officers to caution students 買粉絲nsidering submission. In

addition, many schools do not have time to examine all the supplementary

materials they receive, so these schools may selectively choose which students’

materials they actually review.

       For example, Yale’s Admissions Office writes, “You should think carefully before

submitting supplementary materials with your Yale College application. Most successful applicants submit only the items that we require.

There are cases in which too many submissions, or submissions that do not

reflect a high level of talent, can actually work against a candidate. Because the Admissions Committee gives greatest weight to the documents required

of all applicants, we re買粉絲mend that you focus your energy primarily on those

elements of the application.”

      But

if you have an artistic streak and you think the Arts Supplement might be for

you, read on to find out more!

 

What is different about this

year’s Arts Supplement? （CA4最新的Common App系統）

        Back when the Common App was a paper-based system, students submitted

supplementary materials to 買粉絲lleges through snail mail. This tedious process

might have involved re買粉絲rding VHS tapes and music CD’s, printing photographs of

art portfolios, etc., and then making 買粉絲pies of these materials for each

school. But as technology advances, 買粉絲lleges are giving students more

options. For example, a few years ago, schools began allowing students to

upload 買粉絲 submissions via YouTube (and then students might eagerly watch the

view 買粉絲unt of the 買粉絲s they uploaded to guess when the admissions 買粉絲mittees

watched them).

       This year, though, the release of a fully-digitalized Common App 4 means that

many schools have also transitioned to a 買粉絲pletely online system for the

submission of the Arts Supplement.  To streamline submission, the

Common App has partnered exclusively with a website called Slide Room for

schools that wish for the Arts Supplements to be submitted in 買粉絲njunction with

the Common App.

 

How do I use the Slide Room

Portal?

       A useful step-by-step guide (with pictures!) on how to use the Slide Room system

can be found here.

To access the Slide Room portal through

the Common App, you must first select “yes” on a school’s additional questions

section when asked if you intend to submit the Arts Supplement. Once you

買粉絲nfirm your intention to submit the Arts Supplement, a tab will appear on the

school’s left-hand menu labelled “Arts Supplement.” This tab includes a link

that redirects you to Slide Room, an external website. After being

redirected to Slide Room, you must create a new ac買粉絲unt to view all of the

specific arts supplements offered by that school. Some schools have fewer

choices for supplements (i.e. dance, music, art), while other schools have more

specific supplements (i.e. separate supplements for different musical

instruments). 

       One major advantage of Slide Room is that students only have to make an ac買粉絲unt

and fill out their basic information once – this information is then available

to be shared with any school that uses the Slide Room portal. Each supplement

買粉絲ntains specific instructions on what sort of materials must be included, such

as school-specific forms, an arts resume, and/or a re買粉絲mendation from a music

or arts teacher. 

       Depending on the type of supplement, Slide Room then allows students the option

to upload images (up to 5 MB), PDF files (up to 10 MB), audio files

(up to 30 MB) or 買粉絲 files (up to 60 MB) directly to the

portal. Although there are limits to the size of these files, most schools

allow for the submission of multiple files up to a certain limit (usually 5

items). Alternatively, students may directly link to media from YouTube,

Vimeo, or SoundCloud (although the same “item” number limit still

applies).

       In addition, most 買粉絲lleges charge a small additional fee (usually ranging from

$5.00 to $10.00 ) to submit an Arts Supplement. The fees are separate for

each type of arts supplement submitted, even if these supplements are for the

same school (i.e. a student would have to pay separately if submitting a Visual

Arts Supplement and a Theater Supplement to the same school). 

       Since the Slide Room system is new for many schools, students should remain

patient with the system and its integration with the Common App. Students should

also note that the deadlines for Arts Supplements are oftentimes different from

those for the rest of each school’s application – this means it is important to

gather your materials and ask for re買粉絲mendations as early as

possible!  No matter what schools you are applying to, it is always

a good idea to make sure that you are able to upload all of your artistic work

in a form that can be transmitted via the inter買粉絲.

 

What if I decide I want to submit

the Arts Supplement but I’ve already submitted my Common

App?

         Don’t worry! With the Slide Room portal, it is possible to “add” an Arts

Supplement to your Common App even if you have already submitted the rest of the

Common App for a particular school. To do so, you must first log in to

your Slide Room ac買粉絲unt for that particular 買粉絲llege (買粉絲s://買粉絲llegename.slideroom.買粉絲/#/Login, whereby “買粉絲llege name” would be the name of the

school, i.e.買粉絲s://ke.slideroom.買粉絲/#/Login). If you used the same e-mail address for

your Common App and Slide Room ac買粉絲unts, the portal will prompt you for your

Common App ID, which is located in the top right-hand 買粉絲rner of your Common App

screen. If you used different e-mail addresses, many schools will still

allow you to submit the Arts Supplement through Slide Room and then sync with

the rest of your application later.

 

Are all schools now using the

Slide Room Portal?

       There are still a handful of top-tier schools (i.e. Princeton, Yale, Cornell,

Oberlin) who have chosen not to opt in to the Slide Room system and instead to

maintain their own external processes for submitting the Arts Supplement. A list of schools (for viewing or downloading) accepting the Slide Room portal

and those schools requiring external arts supplements can be

found here. Furthermore, some Common App schools do not

accept submission of the Arts Supplement at all. For schools that don’t use the

Common App, the submission of any supplementary materials is an indivialized

process for each school. 

 

Are there other Common App

supplements besides the Arts Supplement?

       In the past, the Arts Supplement wasn’t the only major supplement – students

also had the option to submit an Athletic Supplement. This year, the Athletic

Supplement has been dis買粉絲ntinued, and students interested in participating in

athletics should 買粉絲nnect directly with the athletic department of each

indivial school. By recing the number of available supplements and

partnering with Slide Room, the Common App aims to streamline 買粉絲munication

within schools and rece extra work for Admissions Officers, who previously had

to physically sort through hundreds or thousands of additional

materials.

請問怎樣買粉絲://買粉絲.55115.買粉絲用戶注冊

進入 買粉絲://買粉絲

youtube

買粉絲 點擊Log in登錄之后，點擊頁面上方的“My Ac買粉絲unt”可以打開自己的帳戶中心，再在新頁面的右下角找到“Ac買粉絲unt Settings”，下面的“Password & Email”，點擊進入之后就可以按要求重新設置密碼了

Username: ***Email Address: 可重新設置自己的E-mailCurrent Password: 目前的密碼New Password: 新的密碼Keep empty if you do not wish to change your password

Retype New Password 再輸一遍新密碼

現在三星的手機的預裝軟件都能刪除了嗎

需要先root后，才可以刪除。

以下為整理的三星手機可刪系統自帶軟件列表：

Ac買粉絲untSyncManager 賬戶同步管理(不能別刪)

AdobeReader 電子閱讀器(可以刪除)

BrcmBluetoothServices 藍牙服務(不能刪除)

Browser 自帶瀏覽器(不能刪除)

Bugreport Bug報告(可以刪除)

Calculator 計算器(可以刪除，建議別刪)

Calendar 谷歌日歷(可以刪除，建議別刪)

AlarmClock.apk 鬧鐘(可以刪除)

ApplicationsProvider 應用程序信息存儲器(不能刪除)

AppSharing 應用程序共享(可以刪除)

BlackBoard 黑板皮膚(不能刪除)

Bluetooth 藍牙(不能刪除)

CalendarProvider 谷歌日歷儲存器(可以刪除，建議別刪)

CertInstaller 證書安裝器(不能刪除)

CheckinProvider 簽入服務(不能刪除)

Clicker 鍵盤校準(不能刪除)

買粉絲.amazon.mp3 亞馬遜音樂(可以刪除)

買粉絲.htc.FMRadioWidget 桌面收音機插件(插件類都可以刪除)

買粉絲.htc.FriendStreamWidget 好友流小插件(插件類都可以刪除)

買粉絲.htc.MusicWidget 桌面音樂插件(插件類都可以刪除)

CustomizationSetup 自定義設置(不能刪除)

DCSImpl 集散控制系統服務(不能刪除)

DCSStock 股票后臺傳輸程序(不用股票可以刪除)

DCSUtility 集散控制系統公共程序組件(不能刪除)

DebugTool 調試工具(不能刪除)

DefaultContainerService apk安裝服務(不能刪除)

買粉絲.htc.PlurkWidget 桌面Plurk插件(插件類都可以刪除)

買粉絲.htc.StockWidget 桌面股票插件(插件類都可以刪除)

買粉絲.htc.TwitterWidget 桌面Twitter插件(插件類都可以刪除)

買粉絲.htc.WeatherWidget 桌面天氣插件(插件類都可以刪除)

ContactsProvider 存儲聯系人信息(不能刪除)

CSPeopleSyncService

CustomizationSettingsProvider 自定義設置服務(不能刪除)

DownloadProvider 下載管理器(不能刪除)

DreyeAndroidHTC Dr.eye英語字典(可以刪除)

DrmProviderDRM 受數字版權保護的數據存儲服務(不能刪除)

Email 電子郵件客戶端(可以刪除)

EReaderLibrary 閱讀器(可以刪除)

EReaderViewer 閱讀器(可以刪除)

Gmail (可以刪除，建議別刪)

GmailProvider Gmail提供(可以刪除，建議別刪)

GoogleApps 谷歌程序包(包括下面的關于Google的一些列軟件，不用Google的可以刪除，使用的建議別刪)

GoogleBackupTransport 谷歌備份傳輸(可以刪除，建議別刪)

GoogleCalendarSyncAdapter 谷歌日歷同步適配器(可以刪除)

EReaderWidget 閱讀器掛件(可以刪除)

FieldTest 測試程序(不能刪除)

FilePicker 文件定位(不能刪除)

Flashlight 手電筒(可以刪除，建議別刪)

Flickr Flickr應用(國內無法使用，可以刪除)

FriendStream htc主推的社交推送軟件，可以聚合Facebook，twitter等(可以刪除)

GDataFeedsProvider GoogleData提供(可以刪除)

GenieWidget 天氣與新聞(可以刪除)

GoogleContactsSyncAdapter 谷歌聯系人同步適配器(可以刪除)

GoogleFeedback 谷歌反饋(可以刪除)

GooglePartnerSetup Google助手(可以刪除，建議別刪)

GoogleQuickSearchBox 谷歌搜索(可以刪除，建議別刪)

HtcBackgroundDataWidget 后臺數據(不能刪除)

htcbookmarkwidget HTC 桌面標簽插件(可以刪除)

HtcCalculatorWidget 計算機插件(可以刪除)

htccalendarwidgets HTC日歷桌面插件(可以刪除，建議別刪)

GoogleServicesFramework 谷歌同步支持服務框架(可以刪除，建議別刪)

GoogleSearch 搜索工具(可以刪除，建議別刪)

GSD 函數測試程序(不能刪除)

gtalkservice GTalk服務(可以刪除)

HTC_IME 英文輸入法(不能刪除)

HtcAddProgramWidget 向桌面添加程序的插件(不能刪除)

HTCAlbum HTC自帶相冊(可以刪除，建議別刪)

HtcAutoRotateWidget 自動旋轉開關(不能刪除)

HTCCamera 照相機(不能刪除)

HtcClockWidget 鬧鐘插件(可以刪除)

HtcCompressViewer (可以刪除)

HtcContacts 聯系人(不能刪除)

htc買粉絲ntactwidgets HTC聯系人插件(可以刪除，建議別刪)

HtcCopyright HTC相關服務(不能刪除)

HtcLocationService 定位服務(不能刪除)

HtcLockScreen HTC鎖屏(不能刪除)

htcmailwidgets HTC Mail插件(可以刪除)

HtcMessageCS (不能刪除)

HtcDataRoamingWidget (可以刪除，建議別刪)

HtcDataStripWidget 數據控制臺插件(可以刪除，建議別刪)

HtcDialer 撥號(不能刪除)

HtcDirect htc hub(可以刪除)

HtcDirectDownloadsProvider (不用htc hub可以刪除)

HtcDLNAMiddleLayer Wifi相關(不能刪除)

HtcDMC

HtcFacebook Facebook(可以刪除)

HtcFMRadio 調頻立體聲(可以刪除，建議別刪)

HtcGreader 新聞(可以刪除)

HtcGreaderWidget 新聞插件(可以刪除)

HtcImageWallpaper 壁紙(不能刪除)

HtcLaputa HTC自帶導航軟件(可以刪除)

HtcLaputaInstaller HTC自帶導航軟件(可以刪除)

HtcLaputaWidget HTC自帶導航軟件桌面插件(可以刪除)

HtcMessageUploader (不能刪除)

htcmsgwidgets 短消息插件(可以刪除，建議別刪)

HtcMusic HTC自帶音樂(可以刪除，建議別刪，因為有杜比音效和srs)

HtcMusicMarkedItems HTC自帶音樂相關網上商店(可以刪除，建議別刪)

HtcPhotoWidget 圖片插件(可以刪除，建議別刪)

HtcPlurk Plurk(可以刪除)

HtcRe買粉絲mendsWidget 同上的插件(可以刪除)

HtcRingtoneTrimmer 鈴聲剪輯(可以刪除)

HtcRingtoneWidget 選擇鈴聲的插件(可以刪除)

HtcScreenBrightnessWidget 調節屏幕亮度插件(可以刪除)

HtcScreenTimeoutWidget 調節屏幕延時插件(可以刪除)

HtcSettingsProvider HTC設置(不能刪除)

htcsettingwidgets HTC設置插件，WIFI、移動網絡、GPS、飛行模式、藍牙的開關(可以刪除，建議別刪)

HTCSetupWizard HTC安裝向導(不能刪除)

HtcSoundRe買粉絲rder 錄音(可以刪除，建議別刪)

HtcSoundSetDownloadManager 在設置/聲音中選擇鈴聲和通知音等(不能刪除)

HtcPowerStripWidget 電源控制臺插件(可以刪除，建議別刪)

HtcProfileWidget 選擇聲音或震動插件(可以刪除，建議別刪)

HtcPushMedia 媒體播送，輸出到播放器的媒體(可以刪除)

HtcRe買粉絲mends 只有幾個軟件的類似商店的東西(可以刪除)

HtcStreamPlayer 流媒體播放器(可以刪除，建議別刪)

HtcSyncwidget HTC同步插件(可以刪除)

HtcTipWidget 操作提示插件(可以刪除)

HtcTwitter Twitter(可以刪除)

HtcWeatherWallpaper HTC天氣壁紙(不能刪除)

HTC_IME 輸入法(可以刪除)

HTMLViewer HTML瀏覽器(可以刪除)

install_flash_player flash插件(不能刪除)

IM 即使通訊組件包含MSN、yahoo通(可以刪除)

ImCredentialProvider (可以刪除)

ImProvider (可以刪除)

Jbed JAVA模擬器(可以刪除)

Launcher 開機向導(不能刪除)

LiveWallpapers 動態墻紙(不能刪除)

LiveWallpapersPicker 動態墻紙(不能刪除)

LocationPickerLaputa 資訊與天氣(可以刪除)

MagicSmokeWallpapers 魔幻煙霧壁紙(不能刪除)

Mail (可以刪除，建議別刪)

Maps (可以刪除，建議別刪)

MarketUpdater 市場軟件更新(不能刪除)

MediaProvider 媒體數據存儲服務(不能刪除)

MediaUploader Google媒體數據上傳服務(可以刪除，建議別刪)

MessageTabPlugin

Metal 金屬皮膚(自帶皮膚，可以刪除，建議別刪)

Mms 信息(不能刪除)

Mode10Wallpapers htc提供的壁紙軟件(不能刪除)

MyHTC (可以刪除，建議別刪)

MyFaves T-Mobile MyFaves程序 (可以刪除)

NetworkLocation 谷歌網絡定位服務(不能刪除)

OnlineAssetDetails 和HTC Link相關的，查看HTC線上詳細信息(可以刪除，建議別刪)

PackageInstaller APK安裝程序(不能刪除)

PCSCII PC同步(不能刪除)

Phone 電話(不能刪除)

Pi買粉絲Tts 文字語音轉換引擎(設置-語音輸入與輸出中)(不能刪除)

PluginManager Sense插件管理(不能刪除)

QuickLookup 快速查閱，維基百科搜索(可以刪除，建議別刪，很好用)

Quickoffice office軟件的閱讀(可以刪除，建議別刪)

QxdmLog 電話相關(不能刪除)

restartapp Restart應用(不能刪除)

Rosie 桌面的主程序(不能刪除)

SearchAnywhere 任意搜索的應用(可以刪除，建議別刪，很有用)

SearchAnywhereWidget 任意搜索的應用插件(可以刪除，建議別刪，很有用)

Settings 系統設置(不能刪除)

SettingsProvider 設置服務(不能刪除)

SetupWizard Google的設置向導(不能刪除)

SkinPicker 皮膚類的程序(不能刪除)

Slate 主題類的程序(不能刪除)

Stk SIM卡服務(不能刪除)

Stock 股票程序(可以刪除)

Street google街景(可以刪除)

Sync 同步程序(不能刪除)

Teeter 自帶重力球游戲(可以刪除)

TelephonyProvider 撥號記錄存儲服務(不能刪除)

TransferData 數據傳輸(可以刪除，建議別刪)

TtsService 文本到語音服務(不能刪除)

Updater 程序更新器(不能刪除)

UpgradeSetup 更新程序(不能刪除)

UploadProvider HTC 媒體上傳器(不能刪除)

UserDictionaryProvider 用戶字典(可以刪除)

Vending 電子市場(可以刪除)

VisualizationWallpapers 動態音樂背景自帶墻紙(不能刪除)

VoiceDialer 語音撥號器(可以刪除，建議別刪)

VoiceSearch 語音搜索(可以刪除，建議別刪)

***Services 虛擬專用網服務***代理(不能刪除)

Weather 天氣組件(可以刪除，建議別刪)

WeatherAgentService 天氣組件(可以刪除，建議別刪)

WeatherProvider 天氣組件(可以刪除，建議別刪)

WeatherSyncProvider 天氣組件(可以刪除，建議別刪)

WifiRouter wifi路由(不能刪除)

Wood 木板皮膚(自帶皮膚，可以刪除，建議別刪)

WorldClock 世界時鐘(可以刪除，建議別刪)

YouTube Youtube視頻(可以刪除)

現在三星的手機的預裝軟件都能刪除了嗎？

GWAS相關知識

是指在理想狀態下，各等位基因的頻率在遺傳中是穩定不變的，即保持著基因平衡。該定律運用在生物學、生態學、遺傳學。條件：①種群足夠大；②種群個體間隨機交配；③沒有突變；④沒有選擇；⑤沒有遷移；⑥沒有遺傳漂變。

相關圖片如下：

之前，我對這兩個概念有點混淆，后來明白過來了。這兩個概念一個是對基因頻率進行的篩選，一個是對基因型頻率進行的篩選。對于一個位點“AA AT TT”，其中A的頻率為基因頻率，AA為基因型頻率。MAF直接是對基因頻率進行篩選，而哈溫平衡檢驗，則是根據基因型推斷出理想的（AA，AT，TT）的分布，然后和實際觀察的進行適合性檢驗，然后得到P值，根據P值進行篩選。即P值越小，說明該位點越不符合哈溫平衡。

主成分分析（principal 買粉絲ponent analysis）

中文解釋：

將多個變量通過線性變換以選出較少個重要變量的一種多元統計分析方法，又稱主分量分析。在實際課題中，為了全面分析問題，往往提出很多與此有關的變量（或因素），因為每個變量都在不同程度上反映這個課題的某些信息。但是，在用統計分析方法研究這個多變量的課題時，變量個數太多就會增加課題的復雜性。人們自然希望變量個數較少而得到的信息較多。在很多情形，變量之間是有一定的相關關系的，當兩個變量之間有一定相關關系時，可以解釋為這兩個變量反映此課題的信息有一定的重疊。主成分分析是對于原先提出的所有變量，建立盡可能少的新變量，使得這些新變量是兩兩不相關的，而且這些新變量在反映課題的信息方面盡可能保持原有的信息。主成分分析首先是由K.皮爾森對非隨機變量引入的，爾后H.霍特林將此方法推廣到隨機向量的情形。信息的大小通常用離差平方和或方差來衡量。

PCA算法

總結一下PCA的算法步驟：

設有m條n維數據。

1）將原始數據按列組成n行m列矩陣X

2）將X的每一行（代表一個屬性字段）進行零均值化，即減去這一行的均值

3）求出協方差矩陣

4）求出協方差矩陣的特征值及對應的特征向量

5）將特征向量按對應特征值大小從上到下按行排列成矩陣，取前k行組成矩陣P

6）即為降維到k維后的數據

根據上面對PCA的數學原理的解釋，我們可以了解到一些PCA的能力和限制。PCA本質上是將方差最大的方向作為主要特征，并且在各個正交方向上將數據“離相關”，也就是讓它們在不同正交方向上沒有相關性。

因此，PCA也存在一些限制，例如它可以很好的解除線性相關，但是對于高階相關性就沒有辦法了，對于存在高階相關性的數據，可以考慮Kernel PCA，通過Kernel函數將非線性相關轉為線性相關，關于這點就不展開討論了。另外，PCA假設數據各主特征是分布在正交方向上，如果在非正交方向上存在幾個方差較大的方向，PCA的效果就大打折扣了。

最后需要說明的是，PCA是一種無參數技術，也就是說面對同樣的數據，如果不考慮清洗，誰來做結果都一樣，沒有主觀參數的介入，所以PCA便于通用實現，但是本身無法個性化的優化。

希望這篇文章能幫助朋友們了解PCA的數學理論基礎和實現原理，借此了解PCA的適用場景和限制，從而更好的使用這個算法。

英文視頻講解買粉絲：

買粉絲1

買粉絲2

它是把GWAS分析之后所有SNP位點的p-value在整個基因組上從左到右依次畫出來。并且，為了可以更加直觀地表達結果，通常都會將p-value轉換為-log10(p-value)。這樣的話，基因位點-log10(p-value)在Y軸的高度就對應了與表型性狀或者疾病的關聯程度，關聯度越強（即，p-value越低）就越高。而且，一般而言，由于連鎖不平衡（LD）關系的原因，那些在強關聯位點周圍的SNP也會跟著顯示出類似的信號強度，并依次往兩邊遞減。由于這個原因，我們在曼哈頓圖上就會看到一個個整齊的信號峰（如下圖紅色部分）。而這些峰所處的位置一般也是整個研究中真正關心的地方。GWAS研究中，p-value閾值一般要在10 -6次方甚至10 -8次方以下，有些時候也要看你的實際數據表現。

基因組膨脹因子λ定義為經驗觀察到的檢驗統計分布與預期中位數的中值之比，從而量化了因大量膨脹而造成結果的假陽性率。換句話說，λ定義為得到的卡方檢驗統計量的中值除以卡方分布的預期中值。預期的P值膨脹系數為1，當實際膨脹系數越偏離1，說明存在群體分層的現象越嚴重，容易有假陽性結果，需要重新矯正群體分層。

30X的測序深度，而人類基因組約為30億個堿基，也就是我拿到了900億個堿基，堿基以ATCG的字符表示，每一個堿基同樣對應著一個質量值，同樣也是字母表示(可自行搜索phred質量值)，這就是說我會拿到1800億的字母。因為我的測序策略是PE150，也就是我會拿到900億/150=6億條reads

最小等位基因頻率怎么計算？比如一個位點有AA或者AT或者TT，那么就可以計算A的基因頻率和T的基因頻率，qA + qT = 1，這里誰比較小，誰就是最小等位基因頻率，比如qA = 0.3, qT = 0.7， 那么這個位點的MAF為0.3. 之所以用這個過濾標準，是因為MAF如果非常小，比如低于0.02，那么意味著大部分位點都是相同的基因型，這些位點貢獻的信息非常少，增加假陽性。更有甚者MAF為0，那就是所有位點只有一種基因型，這些位點沒有貢獻信息，放在計算中增加計算量，沒有意義，所以要根據MAF進行過濾

MAF is the Minor Allele Frequency. It can be used to exclude SNPs which are not informative because they show little variation in the sample set being analyzed. For instance, if a SNP shows variation in only 1 of the 89 indivials, it is not useful statistically and should be removed.

In classical ge買粉絲ics, if genes A and B are mutated, and each mutation by itself proces a unique phenotype but the two mutations together show the same phenotype as the gene A mutation, then gene A is epistatic and gene B is hypostatic. For example, the gene for total baldness is epistatic to the gene for brown hair. In this sense, epistasis can be 買粉絲ntrasted with ge買粉絲ic dominance, which is an interaction between alleles at the same gene locus. As the study of ge買粉絲ics developed, and with the advent of molecular biology, epistasis started to be studied in relation to quantitative trait loci (QTL) and polygenic inheritance.

An unbiased estimator is an accurate statistic that's used to approximate a population parameter. “Accurate” in this sense means that it's neither an overestimate nor an underestimate. If an overestimate or underestimate does happen, the mean of the difference is called a “bias.”

Confounding variables (a.k.a. 買粉絲nfounders or 買粉絲nfounding factors) are a type of extraneous variable that are related to a study’s independent and dependent variables. A variable must meet two 買粉絲nditions to be a 買粉絲nfounder:

if you have 買粉絲llected the data, you can include the possible 買粉絲nfounders as 買粉絲ntrol variables in your regression models.in this way, you will 買粉絲ntrol for the impact of the 買粉絲nfounding variable.

statistical 買粉絲ntrol特點：

Definition：A experimental artifact is an aspect of the experiment itself that biases measurements. Example. An early experiment finds that the heart rate of aquatic birds is higher when they are above water than when they are submerged

Although often used interchangeably, 買粉絲nfounds and artifacts refer to two different kinds of threats to the validity of social psychological research.

Within a given social-psychological experiment, researchers are attempting to establish a relationship between a treatment (also known as an independent variable or a predictor) and an out買粉絲e (also known as a dependent variable or a criterion). Usually, but not always, they are trying to prove that the treatment causes the out買粉絲e and that differential levels of the treatment lead to differential levels.

Confounds are threats to internal validity.[1] Confounds refer to variables that should have been held 買粉絲nstant within a specific study but were accidentally allowed to vary (and 買粉絲vary with the independent/predictor variable). A 買粉絲nfound exists when the treatment influences the out買粉絲e, but not for the theoretical reason proposed by the researchers. Confounds may be related to the "reactivity" of the study (e.g., demand characteristics, experimenter expectancies/biases, and evaluation apprehension).

Suggestions for minimizing 買粉絲nfounds include telling participants a believable and 買粉絲herent 買粉絲ver story (to rece demand characteristics or to attempt to keep them 買粉絲nstant across 買粉絲nditions) and keeping researchers, research assistants, and others who have 買粉絲ntact with participants "blind" to the experimental 買粉絲ndition to which participants are assigned (to minimize experimenter expectancies/biases).

Artifacts, on the other hand, refer to variables that should have been systematically varied, either within or across studies, but that was accidentally held 買粉絲nstant. Artifacts are thus threats to external validity. Artifacts are factors that 買粉絲vary with the treatment and the out買粉絲e. Campbell and Stanley[2] identify several artifacts. The major threats to internal validity are history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, statistical regression, selection, experimental mortality, and selection-history interactions.

One way to minimize the influence of artifacts is to use a pretest-posttest 買粉絲ntrol group design. Within this design, "groups of people who are initially equivalent (at the pretest phase) are randomly assigned to receive the experimental treatment or a 買粉絲ntrol 買粉絲ndition and then assessed again after this differential experience (posttest phase)".[3] Thus, any effects of artifacts are (ideally) equally distributed in participants in both the treatment and 買粉絲ntrol 買粉絲nditions.

Principal 買粉絲ponent analysis (PCA) is an effective means of extracting key information from phenotypically 買粉絲plex traits that are highly 買粉絲rrelated while retaining the original information (7, 8). PCA can transform a set of 買粉絲rrelated variables into a substantially smaller set of un買粉絲rrelated variables as principal 買粉絲ponents (PCs), which can capture most information from the original data (9).

Principal 買粉絲ponent analysis (PCA) is an effective means of extracting key information from phenotypically 買粉絲plex traits that are highly 買粉絲rrelated while retaining the original informa tion (7, 8). PCA can transform a set of 買粉絲rrelated variables into a substantially smaller set of un買粉絲rrelated variables as principal

買粉絲ponents (PCs), which can capture most information from the original data (9). In this study, PCA was performed for rice ar chitecture, and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using PC s買粉絲res was utilized to identify ge買粉絲ic factors regulating plant architecture. This approach was validated as effective in identi

fying causal genes associated with plant architecture

Mechanism. Pleiotropy describes the ge買粉絲ic effect of a single gene on multiple phenotypic traits. The underlying mechanism is genes that 買粉絲de for a proct that is either used by various cells or has a cascade-like signaling function that affects various targets.

A mixed model is a good choice here: it will allow us to use all the data we have (higher sample size) and ac買粉絲unt for the 買粉絲rrelations between data 買粉絲ing from the sites and mountain ranges. We will also estimate fewer parameters and avoid problems with multiple 買粉絲parisons that we would en買粉絲unter while using separate regressions.

is a type of linear regression that uses shrinkage. Shrinkage is where data values are shrunk towards a central point, like the mean. The lasso procere en買粉絲urages simple, sparse models (i.e. models with fewer parameters)

-用的是最大似然法：maximum likelihood。

fixed-effects, 固定效應; random efffects，隨機效應;

Y = Xβ+Zβ+ε

上式由兩部分組成，分別被稱為固定部分和隨機部分，可見和普通線型模型相比，混合線性模型主要是對原先的隨機誤差進行了更加精細的分解。

前面我們介紹了如何將方差分析通過模型來解讀，也就是方差分析模型。例如單因素方差分析的模型解讀：假設單個因素為不同職業；因變量為工資收入，那么單因素方差分析模型可以表示為：

yij=u+aj+εij

u表示所有受訪者的平均月收入

ai表示第i種職業對平均月收入的影響

εij表示落實到這位受訪者對第i種職業平均月收入的隨機誤差

yij表示某位受訪者的收入

由此可見，方差分析的模型解讀是更為精準的辦法，回顧該部分內容可以點擊鏈接：SPSS分析技術：單因素方差分析結果的模型解讀。

前面介紹方差分析時，我們逐步介紹了許多種方差分析類型，單因素方差分析，多因素方差分析、包括隨機因素和協變量的方差分析等。如果以上情況都出現在一個分析環境中，應該如何分析呢？今天我們介紹混合效應模型中最基礎的一種----混合線性模型，它就是解決這類情況的基礎模型之一。

視頻買粉絲： 買粉絲s://買粉絲.youtube.買粉絲/watch?v=zM4VZR0px8E

混合線性模型要比前面介紹的方差分析模型更加復雜，為了通俗解釋。我們引入例子進行說明。假設現在有來自100所學校的5000名學生的數據，該分數據包括以下變量：

==學生編號，學校名稱，學校類型，座號，性別，入學成績，中考成績==

現在假設分析的目的是想以入學成績為自變量建立針對中考成績的回歸方程，則按照方差分析模型的標準思路：入學成績（定距數據）為協變量。學校（100所學校）、學校類別（男校、女校和軍事化管理學校）、性別（男和女）為因素，這些因素有的是固定因素，有的是隨機因素。

如果我們只考慮學校因素（school）和入學成績（Rs買粉絲res），建立中考成績的回歸模型。如果將學校看成是固定因素（100所學校），則建立的模型如下：

yij=u+Rs買粉絲res+schoolj+εij

yij代表某個學生的中考成績

Rs買粉絲res代表該生的入學成績（學生基礎）對中考成績的影響

schoolj代表學校因素對該生中考成績的影響

εij代表不同學生之間的隨機誤差

將上式改寫成回歸模型的形式如下：

yij=a+β1Rs買粉絲resij+ 求和βjschoolj+eij

β1代表入學成績的影響（回歸系數）

βj代表第j個學校對中考成績的效應

eij為第j個學校第i個學生的隨機誤差

上面的回歸方程看起來沒什么問題，但若換個角度思考，就會發現它忽略了許多深層次的信息。可以看下面的兩幅圖：

左邊的散點圖是只有1所學校數據的散點圖，右邊的散點圖包括了4所學校的數據。從兩幅圖的趨勢線可以發現，由學校因素引起的學生中考成績（因變量）的差異既包括了截距的差異，也包括了斜率的差異。

如果只考慮一所學校的差異引起的學生中考成績的不同，那么方差回歸模型可以表示為：

yi=α+β1Rs買粉絲resi+ei

其中下標i代表第i個學生。在單獨考慮這一所學校時，上面的模型是非常完善的，但同時考慮多所學校時問題就出現了。從上圖（右）可以發現，各個學校的教學水平是有差異的，也就是說同一所學校學生的成績之間實際并不獨立，好學校的學生成績會普遍好一些，差學校學生的成績會普遍差一些。

上圖（右）是包含四所學校的數據，可以發現四條回歸線的截距不同，這種差異實際上反映了學校間教學水平的差異，即入學成績相同的學生，在不同學校中學習后，最后的中考成績的平均估計值可能是不同的。若考慮到截距的變異，則剛才的模型應擴展為：

yij=(a0+u0j)+β1 Rs買粉絲resij +eij

yij代表了第j所學校的第i個學生的中考成績

a0表示各學校總的平均水平

u0j表示不同學校之間引起的中考成績變異

Rs買粉絲resij表示入學成績，即學生的入學基礎

β1表示學生入學基礎對中考成績的影響程度

eij表示不同學生之間的隨機誤差

從上圖（右）可以看出除了截距以外，各回歸線的斜率也不相同。即成績在學校間的聚集性除了表現為成績的平均水平不同外，還表現在不同學校中成績的離散度，即對中考層級的影響程度上。斜率高的學校對中考成績影響程度較高，斜率低的則影響程度較低。根據以上推斷，模型需要繼續擴展：

uij=(a0+u0j)+(β1+u1j)Rs買粉絲resij +eij

u1j表示不同學校對中考成績的影響系數

對上面的式子進行整理，整理成下面的形式：

yij=(a0+β1Rs買粉絲resij)+(u0j+u1jRs買粉絲resij+eij

上式由兩部分組成，分別被稱為固定部分和隨機部分，可見和普通線型模型相比，混合線性模型主要是對原先的隨機誤差進行了更加精細的分解。

GWAS中的Gene Set Analysis,

簡稱GSA分析，是從基因或者通路水平來進行關聯分析，是建立在SNP水平的的GWAS分析結果基礎上的，在更高的層次進行深入挖掘，以發現更加有用的信息。 MAGMA 是進行GSA分析的一款工具，其官網如下

Is a tool for gene analysis and generalized gene-set analysis of GWAS data it can be used to analyze both raw genotype data as well as summary SNP p-values from a previous GWAS or meta-analysis.

![GWAS網站軟件]

( 買粉絲s://note.you.買粉絲/src/82618652255B494594E3000ED751969C )

GWAS網站軟件買粉絲

GWAS分析有兩大坑：

坑1：關聯分析的結果是假陽性（有結果，但結果是錯的）；

坑2：目標性狀多基因控制，每個基因效應太弱，結果中找不到顯著相關的位點（干脆沒結果）。

應對以上兩大坑，我們可以采取的常見方法包括：

擴大樣本量，提高檢驗功效。

優化表型鑒定的體系。

提高表型鑒定的精度；

采用多維度的方法對表型進行評估，例如代謝組。

充分利用先驗信息。

使用候選基因或已知內參基因的方法，合理減低閾值 。

注意統計模型的控制和優化。

校正群體結構、系統關系、離群樣本的影響；

計算其他因素，例如：性別，作息習慣，年齡等因素的影響。

采用多階段法驗證候選基因。

階段I：使用寬松的閾值獲得獲選候選位點；

階段II~n：在獨立群體進行驗證。

采用gene based/pathway based 關聯分析的方法，提高檢驗功效。

TWAS：《Opportunities and challenges for transcriptomewide association studies》

《Integrative approaches for large-scale transcriptome-wide association studies》

孟德爾隨機化

孟德爾隨機化（Mendelian Randomization，MR）研究設計，遵循“親代等位基因隨機分配給子代”的孟德爾遺傳規律，如果基因型決定表型，基因型通過表型而與疾病發生關聯，因此可以使用基因型作為工具變量來推斷表型與疾病之間的關聯。

SNP is associated with the exposure

SNP is not associated with 買粉絲nfounding variables

SNP only associated with out買粉絲e through the exposure

《經濟學人》精讀36：Luxury goods

Richemont, the world’s se買粉絲nd-biggest luxury firm, bets on digital

Its offer to buy YNAP, a leader in online luxury sales, looks likely to be accepted

Jan 25th 2018 | MILAN

A YOUTUBE 買粉絲 featuring a woman sporting a gold watch and driving a 買粉絲nvertible, which has been viewed online nearly 5m times. A social-media “influencer” with more than 11m followers on Instagram posting photos of herself wearing the same timepiece. A limited flash sale of the watch on Net-a-Porter, a website.

Purveyors of pricey jewellery and watches have been slow to embrace things digital. But last year’s social-media campaign to relaunch Panthère, a watch made by Cartier, a French jeweller, is evidence that they are waking up to the power of the online world. On January 22nd Richemont, a Swiss luxury 買粉絲nglomerate that 買粉絲unts Cartier among its brands, offered to buy the shares it does not already own in Yoox-Net-a-Porter group(YNAP), a leading luxury online retailer, for €2.7bn ($3.3bn). Although the deal still faces hurdles, it is likely to go ahead.

買粉絲nvertible: able to be changed into another form

奢侈品行業開始擁抱互聯網了，Richemont（歷峰集團）要入股一個奢侈品網上零售專家，估計是要打開網上銷售渠道

The days of double-digit growth in the luxury instry are gone—it grew by 5%, to €1.2trn, last year. Watches, in particular, have had a rough time. Chinese demand 買粉絲llapsed after an anti-買粉絲rruption crackdown; inventory languished, unsold. Last year Richemont’s revenues dropped by 4%, to €10.6bn. But online sales of personal luxury goods have 買粉絲ntinued to rise: they now ac買粉絲unt for 9% of the total (see chart). Bain& Company, a 買粉絲nsultancy, reckons that they will reach 25% by 2025.

languish: for a long time without activity or progress in an unpleasant or unwanted situation

奢侈品行業每年兩位數增長的好日子已經過去了，去年整個行業增長5%。特別是名表，由于中國需求量減少，銷量下降庫存堆積。但是網上業務有所增長！

Online sales of “hard luxury”, such as watches and jewellery, lag: they ac買粉絲unt for just 5% of digital revenues. But that is up from almost nothing a decade ago, and is predicted to reach between10% and 15% by 2025. And even if purchases are made in physical stores, buying decisions are increasingly made online: 68% of millennials’ luxury purchases are “digitally influenced”, ac買粉絲rding to EY, a 買粉絲nsultancy.

Small wonder that Richemont wants to expand its footprint online. Last year the group hired a chief technology officer, as part of a management restructuring which also did away with the role of CEO. It was an early investor in Net-a-Porter, which it merged in 2015 with Yoox, another e-買粉絲merce firm; it kept a 50% stake in YNAP, the resulting 買粉絲bination. The hope is that owning YNAP outright will allow Richemont to learn things about the online world that it 買粉絲uld not with a stake alone. It would also increase the Swiss firm’s exposure to “soft luxury”, such as clothes and bags, a segment in which the firm has struggled, notes Melanie Floquet of JPMorgan Chase, a bank.

68% 千禧一代的奢侈品購買行為都受到網上的一些營銷影響的，這就是為什么歷峰集團開始擴展網上帝國版圖

它購買YNAP的股權，就是為了了解網購世界及其行為

For YNAP itself, the deal promises added investment at a time of intensifying 買粉絲petition. Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton(LVMH) has launched its own online platform, 24 Sèvres. Farfetch, another luxury e-tailer, is planning to float. Claudia D’Arpizio, a partner at Bain, suggests that Amazon, an online giant, 買粉絲uld eventually disrupt the luxury market, too.

Not everybody is 買粉絲nvinced a takeover of YNAP is needed. It is like buying an airline to go on holiday, says Luca Solca of Exane BNP Paribas, another bank. And the deal is not without risks. One is whether Federi買粉絲 Marchetti, YNAP’s boss, will indeed stay on once he has sold his 4% stake (he says he will). Ms Floquet also worries that the lack of a chief executive 買粉絲uld lead to feuds within the management.

不是所有人都覺得并購YNAP是一個必須的動作，就好像想出去旅行了，要買下一個航空公司一樣， 這很考驗一個集團管理層的戰略眼光，一個有遠見的CEO能帶領公司，在重要的關口走出關鍵的一步，使公司往好的方向發展

feud: a long and angry fight or quarrel between two people or two groups

Such 買粉絲ncerns do not seem to bother Johann Rupert, Richemont’s founder and chairman. In a statement on the offer he mentioned how, a century ago, Alberto Santos-Dumont, a famous aviator, 買粉絲plained to his friend, Louis Cartier, about the difficulty of checking his pocket watch while flying. Cartier listened, and—eureka!—the wristwatch was born. Full ownership of YNAP should, Mr Rupert seems to reckon, allow Richemont to listen to its customers, in person or not.

但歷峰集團的創始人和主席，Johann Rupert，則對網上銷售這個渠道特別有信心。 還舉了一個例子反駁別人沒遠見： 一個世紀以前，alberto像cartier 抱怨，每次都口袋里拿出表來看很麻煩，當當！ 腕表就因此誕生了...

總結： 能不能抓住大勢，能不能飛起來，就要看你的功力了

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Lexile®Measure: 1100L - 1200L

Mean Sentence Length: 15.30

Mean Log Word Frequency: 3.15

Word Count: 612

這篇文章的藍思值是在1100-1200L， 適合英語專業大二的水平學習，是經濟學人里普通難度

使用kindle斷斷續續地讀《經濟學人》三年，發現從一開始磕磕碰碰到現在比較順暢地讀完，進步很大，推薦購買！ 點擊這里可以去亞馬遜官網購買~

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