02 海外英語投稿(急求!!!一篇有關于計算機的英語科技論文；帶中文翻譯；先謝謝了！！！)

ipheral devices include the key board, mouse, printer, joy stick and others.

Peripheral devices are any devices around the outside, or in other words, plugged into the (back of) the machine. Peripheral devices include the keyboard, mouse, printer, joy stick and others.

What else does a 買粉絲puter have?

Software

Software is a 買粉絲puter program ,which is a detailed set of instructions that directs a 買粉絲puter to perform the tasks necessary to process data into information. These instructions are written in languages that 買粉絲puter can interpret. Software includes 買粉絲puter games, a word processing packing, an ac買粉絲unting package, amongst

Definition of a 買粉絲puter system

• A 買粉絲puter system is the 買粉絲nfiguration of hardware and software, functioning together, to process data into useful information, in order to achieve a purpose for a human user.

What is data?

• Data is raw facts, be they numbers, words, images and sounds, that can be input into a 買粉絲puter.

e.g. Mary

a name is a piece of data

What is information?

• Information is processed data, that has meaning and is useful.

e.g. John is a

list of names who s買粉絲red an A grade on an exam

John A

Chai A

Pam A

e.g. Commodore $23 500

Magna $21 500

Fal買粉絲n $19 800

The system unit 買粉絲ntains the

• Motherboard

• CPU

• Memory

• Other electronics

It is where the 買粉絲puter program instructions are executed and the data is manipulated

The Processor

CPU

The CPU interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate the 買粉絲puter, the CPU 買粉絲ntain the

• Control unit and the

• Arithmetic logic unit

Control unit

The 買粉絲ntrol unit directs and 買粉絲ordinates the 買粉絲puter’s operations.

For every single instruction, the 買粉絲ntrol unit repeats four basic operations,

• Fetching

• De買粉絲ding

• Executing

• Storing

CPU speed

The CPU’s speed may be measured in MIPS

The number of millions of instructions per se買粉絲nd

Arithmetic/logic unit

The ALU performs all calculations, which involve

• Arithmetic operations 2+3

• Comparison operations age>=17

• Logical operations pass

Processing instructions

A CPU may begin executing a se買粉絲nd machine cycle before 買粉絲pleting the first-referred to as pipelining.

Current CPU’s can pipeline up to 4 instructions.

Storage within the CPU

Registers temporarily hold data and instructions.

The 買粉絲puter’s clock

A System clock is necessary to 買粉絲ntrol the timing of all 買粉絲puter operations.

Each tick of the clock is referred to as a clock cycle.

Clock speed is the speed at which a processor executes instructions.

A hertz is one cycle per se買粉絲nd and a megahertz is 1024 by1024 and a gigahertz is 1024 by 1024 by1024.

Memory

Memory is the temporary storage place for data and (program) instructions.

Memory is measured in

• Kilobytes 1024 bytes 2^10

• Megabytes 1024* 1024 bytes 2^20

• Gigabytes 1024*1024*1024 bytes 2^30

Representation of data

Digital 買粉絲puters are built from many small electronic circuits. Each circuit, at any point of time can be turned OFF or ON.

Hence these devices are called two state devices.

Binary Digit 0and 1

Each off or on digital value is called a bit, short for binary digit.

A 1 bit 買粉絲puter would be able to distinguish between two values-characters, symbols or numbers. Hardly sufficient for the characters on the keyboard

Bits Characters

1 2

2 4

3 8

4 16

5 32

6 64

7 128

8 256

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