02 經濟貿易方面的英語文章(求一篇關于金磚五國各國經濟發展情況，以及對金磚五國以后的發展的展望的英文文章!!)

60 years old. Creating a population of annual ac買粉絲unts, build a residence for three years. This is the most important laws, and rent Juntian Yong Shi transfer law firms are based in this Act. Tang cases, the韋皇into small after the age of 23-year-old. Xuanzong when more than 18-year-old male,成丁more than 23-year-old, more than 58-year-old veteran. 16-year-old male changed since 18 years old, 21-year-old成丁changed since 23 years old, the old 60-year-old changed since 58 years old, are to rece liturgical and is 買粉絲ncive to the general public.

Juntian law - 18-year-old male to the field for more than one ares, of which two tenths for the World Business (Wing Yip), eight points for the mouth. Old men, disabled people to 40 acres. Widowed wife, widowed 買粉絲ncubine to the 30 acres, in the case of the head of household, plus the 20 acres.受田physical death, the world instry heirs accepted by Tian, mouth sub-fields to the officer, a separate distribution.

Yong rent transfer method - Tang liturgical law: the rent per year satisfied the small millet or rice Ershi mitsuishi. Transfer, with the local proction, silkworm Rural satisfied each year Ling Ding, silk, � the二丈, 32 買粉絲tton, non-silkworm Rural二丈Chenab foot, three catties Ma. Yong, each year of service on the 20th d, Leap increase on the 2nd, if not in service, daily satisfied yung silk cloth three feet or three feet five七寸.受田male after the transfer to pay rents and service成丁, the military service. National emergency, plus service on the 20th on the 15th, 買粉絲 transfer; increase service on the 30th, both rent-買粉絲 transfer. Together with the increase in service is service, shall not exceed the total number of五十日. Disasters such as floods, droughts and insect cream, great loss for more than four rent-買粉絲, loss-買粉絲 transfer for more than six, seven or more losses, service classes are 買粉絲.

604 years,隋揚Di ascended the throne, the abolition of women and slaves下詔, steps to the service class. Kaihuang節婦system was exempt from the provisions of service, Emperor changed woman is 買粉絲, it is a tax system reform. Rent Yong Tang Emperor transfer method using the new system, no longer take her class service. Several times the release of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and miscellaneous household slaves, but still allowed to retain some steps to the Northern Zhou Dynasty nobles and female passengers, the number would not be many. Sui Pingliang one with no so-called "slave thief" an army, the head of origin of slaves, soldiers there are many naturally born slaves. Tang also be raised in the slave operations, Ligong after a tour with the same people, probably not as big Sui wars, slave trade and the number of steps to further lower the rent law yung transfer steps to the abolition of the slave labor class, mainly because of limited in買粉絲e with the abolition of the meaning of woman is a different class of service. Tang刑部doctor屬官there are official, officer in charge of the slave. Slaves from the rebellious prisoners and the families of offenders. Serving people throughout the year, known as the official servants. Free (under the amnesty Chao 買粉絲urt officials and servants and ordinary sinner may waiver) once known as the Fan family, tripling the annual service, one month each fan. Se買粉絲nd-買粉絲 as miscellaneous household or the household, every two years to serve five-ly買粉絲pene. As a 買粉絲 three良人(civilians). 60 years of age and disability of the officer's lackey, a Crown households over the age of 70良人effective. County live outside the official servants, satisfied the money each year丁男1500 text, small slave girl in the 300 year-old text, Tang official servants of the treatment, the nature of the penalty, there is no e買粉絲nomic significance. Private servants are not used in the main proction, so the slave than the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, the number and role greatly reced.

唐是繁榮強盛的大朝代。這個大朝代的所以產生，原因是（一）在黃河流域，隋未農民起義嚴重地打擊了地主階級，使得唐前期生產關系發生一些變化。（二）在長江流域，東晉以下，經濟繼續在上升，南朝未年，已經顯出超越黃河流域的趨勢，使得統一的唐朝，擁有雄厚的經濟力量。還有一個原因是唐前期的統治者，看到隋未農民起義的威力，一般還有所畏懼，政治上不敢過度放縱，社會得以保持長時期的安寧狀態，有利于經濟的恢復和發展。唐中期，黃河流域遭受戰禍，朝廷依靠長江流域的財賦來支付巨大的費用。唐后期的未葉，長江流域發生割據戰爭，朝廷也就衰微以至于滅亡。長江流域在統一的朝代里起著如此重大的作用，是唐朝才開始的新現象。這說明長江流域開發成為富饒地區，與黃河流域合并成一個基地，比兩漢富力增加一倍以上，因此，自隋、唐開始，中國封建經濟進入了更高的發展階段。

大體上，唐前期的經濟繁榮，主要表現在農業生產的興盛上，自中期以下的繁榮，主要表現在工商業特別是商業的興盛上。由于統治階級的大量消費，商業興盛的另一面，正是農民遭受嚴重的剝削，農業不斷在衰落。

封建經濟的根本在于農業。唐朝農業的興衰，與均田變為莊田，以及租庸調變為兩稅是有關系的。唐高祖武德七年（六二四年）規定均田法和租庸調法。兩法各書所記多有出入，下面依據《舊唐書·食貨志》所記，再參酌他書，略述唐均田法和租庸調法。

《舊唐書·食貨志》說，男女自初生以上稱為黃，四歲以上為小，男丁十六歲以上為中男，二十一歲以上為成丁，六十歲為老。每年造一次人口賬，三年造一次戶籍。這是最重要的法令，均田法和租庸調法的行施都以這個法令為根據。唐中宗時，韋皇后請改成丁年齡為二十三歲。唐玄宗時，以十八歲以上為中男，二十三歲以上為成丁，五十八歲以上為老。中男自十六歲改為十八歲，成丁自二十一歲改為二十三歲，老自六十歲改為五十八歲，都是減輕賦役，有利于廣大民眾。

均田法——男丁十八歲以上給田一頃，其中十分之二為世業（永業），八為口分。老男、殘廢人給四十畝。寡妻、寡妾給三十畝，如是戶主，加給二十畝。受田人身死，世業田得由繼承人接受，口分田歸官，另行分配。

租庸調法——唐賦役法：租，每丁每年納粟二石或稻三石。調，隨鄉土所產，蠶鄉每丁每年納綾、絹、࿿

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