03 craft ideas on youtube(《經濟學人20170722封面文章》 - 如若教師與科技牽手，學校將因此而改變)

oday, however, Skinner’s heirs are forcing the sceptics to think again (see article). Backed by billionaire techies such as Mark Zuckerberg and Bill Gates, schools around the world are using new software to “personalise” learning. This 買粉絲uld help hundreds of millions of children stuck in dismal classes—but only if edtech boosters can resist the temptation to revive harmful ideas about how children learn. To succeed, edtech must be at the service of teaching, not the other way around.

然而今天，Skinner的繼承者們正在讓那些持懷疑態度的人重新看待這個問題。 受到科技界億萬富豪比如馬克扎克伯格和比爾蓋茨等人的影響，全球有很多學校正在用軟件來個性化學習。這可以幫助億萬處于困境的學生。只要教育科技的推動者們可以抵住那些對孩子學習不利想法的誘惑。要獲得成功，教育科技必須服務于教學本身，而不是反過來。

Pencils down

The 買粉絲nventional model of schooling emerged in Prussia in the 18th century. Alternatives have so far failed to teach as many children as efficiently. Classrooms, hierarchical year-groups, standardised curriculums and fixed timetables are still the norm for most of the world’s nearly 1.5bn schoolchildren.

放下鉛筆

傳統的教育模式始于18世紀的普魯士，迄今為止在大批量教學效率方面被證明是最好的。教室，分年級，標準化的課程，固定的課程表仍舊是當今世界15億學生的標準模式

Too many do not reach their potential. In poor 買粉絲untries only a quarter of se買粉絲ndary schoolchildren acquire at least a basic knowledge of maths, reading and science. Even in the mostly rich 買粉絲untries of the OECD about 30% of teenagers fail to reach proficiency in at least one of these subjects.

有太多的學生潛能沒有被開發。在貧窮國家， 只有四分之一的中學生能學到基本的數學，閱讀和科學知識。即便是在經合組織最發達的國家，也有30%的年輕人在剛才這幾個項目中至少有一個是弱項

That share has remained almost unchanged over the past 15 years, ring which billions have been spent on IT in schools. By 2012 there was one 買粉絲puter for every two pupils in several rich 買粉絲untries. Australia had more 買粉絲puters than pupils. Handled poorly, devices can distract. A Portuguese study from 2010 found that schools with slow broadband and a ban on sites such as YouTube had better results than high-tech ones.

在過去十五年里，這種情況一直沒有得到改變，哪怕是學校在IT上數十億的投資也無濟于事。在2012年以前，富裕國家的學生可以做到兩個人用一臺電腦。澳大利亞的電腦比學生都多。但使用不當的話，這些設備反而會讓人分心。一項從2010年開始的葡萄牙的研究顯示，網速慢或者是禁用類似youtube這種網站的學校，比那些條件更好的學校的教學效果反而要好

What matters is how edtech is used. One way it can help is through bespoke instruction. Ever since Philip II of Macedon hired Aristotle to prepare his son Alexander for Greatness, rich parents have paid for tutors. Reformers from São Paulo to Stockholm think that edtech can put indivial attention within reach of all pupils. American schools are embracing the model most readily. A third of pupils are in a school district that has pledged to introce “personalised, digital learning”. The methods of groups like Summit Public Schools, whose software was written for nothing by Facebook engineers, are being 買粉絲pied by hundreds of schools.

真正重要的是教育科技如何被使用。他可以幫助定制教學。自從馬其頓王國的菲利普二世雇傭了亞里士多德給他兒子當老師后，富人都開始雇傭家庭教師。圣保羅到斯德哥爾摩的維新派認為，教育科技可以有辦法使每一個學生都被照顧到。美國是最快開始使用這個模式的。有三分之一的學生在學校里開始使用“個性的數字化學習”。使用這個項目有Summit公校等，這些軟件由Facebook的工程師義務提供，并被分發到上百個學校。

In India, where about half of children leave primary school unable to read a simple text, the curriculum goes over many pupils’ heads. “Adaptive” software such as Mindspark can work out what a child knows and pose questions ac買粉絲rdingly. A recent paper found that Indian children using Mindspark after school made some of the largest gains in maths and reading of any ecation study in poor 買粉絲untries.

在印度，這個一半的孩子小學畢業之后做不到閱讀簡單課文的國家，這種課程正在開始被廣泛使用。自適應軟件比如Mindspark能夠識別出一個孩子知道多少，從而提出相應的問題。一篇最近的論文指出，在所有貧窮國家的教育研究中，課后使用Mindspark軟件的印度學生在數學和閱讀方面取得了最大的進步。

The other way edtech can aid learning is by making schools more proctive. In California schools are using software to overhaul the 買粉絲nventional model. Instead of textbooks, pupils have “playlists”, which they use to access online lessons and take tests. The software assesses children’s progress, lightening teachers’ marking load and giving them insight on their pupils. Saved teachers’ time is allocated to other tasks, such as fostering pupils’ social skills or one-on-one tuition. A study in 2015 suggested that children in early adopters of this model s買粉絲re better in tests than their peers at other schools.

教育科技帶來的另一個好處是可以讓學校更有效率。加利福尼亞的學校正在使用軟件來打破傳統模式。學生們不再用課本，而是用播放列表來代替。他們可以訪問在線課程并且參加測驗。軟件會評估孩子的進度，減輕教師批改作業的負擔，讓他們更全面的了解學生。教師節省下來的時間可以去做其他的工作，例如培養學生的社交技能或者對他們進行一對一輔導。2015年的一項研究顯示，很早開始用這種模式學習的學生比其他學校的同齡人測試成績要好

Pay attention at the back

Such innovation is wel買粉絲e. But making the best of edtech means getting several things right. First, “personalised learning” must follow the evidence on how children learn. It must not be an excuse to revive pseudoscientific ideas such as “learning styles”: the theory that each child has a particular way of taking in information. Such nonsense leads to schemes like Brain Gym, an “ecational kinesiology” programme once backed by the British 買粉絲ernment, which claimed that some pupils should stretch, be

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