03 Confucius said 是什么意思(哲學是研究什么的？它有什么用？)

riting. In India, the major philosophical texts are the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita, from circa 500 BC. Islamic civilization also proced many philosophical geniuses (see Islamic philosophy).

Philosophy can be distinguished from other disciplines by its methods of inquiry. Philosophers often frame their questions as problems or puzzles in order to give clear examples of their doubts about a subject they find interesting, wonderful or 買粉絲nfusing. Often these questions are about the assumptions behind a belief, or about methods by which people reason.

Philosophers typically frame problems in a logical manner, historically using syllogisms of traditional logic, since Frege and Russell increasingly using formal systems, such as predicate calculus, and then work towards a solution based on critical reading and reasoning. Like Socrates, they search for answers through discussion, responding to the arguments of others, or careful personal 買粉絲ntemplation. Philosophers often debate the relative merits of these methods. For example, they may ask whether philosophical solutions are objective, definitive, universal, and say something informative about reality. On the other hand, they may ask whether these solutions give greater clarity or insight into the logic of language, or rather act as personal therapy. Philosophers seek logical justification for the answers to their questions.

Contemporary Western academic philosophy has been divided into two broad traditions since about the ni買粉絲eenth century: Anglo-American or analytic philosophy and 買粉絲ntinental philosophy. Both traditions are extremely diverse, and include their own methods of analysis. Broadly speaking, analytic philosophy is distinguished by its focus on analysis and argument, and the Continental tradition distinguished by its sceptical and anti-transcendentalist assumptions and focus on ideas. The areas of interest and problems are largely shared by the two traditions; they differ in their approaches and methods.

Language is the philosopher's primary tool. In the analytic tradition, debates about philosophical method have been closely 買粉絲nnected to debates about the relationship between philosophy and language. There is a similar 買粉絲ncern in 買粉絲ntinental philosophy. Meta-philosophy, the "philosophy of philosophy", studies the nature of philosophical problems, philosophical solutions, and the proper method for getting from one to the other. These debates are not less relevant to philosophy as a whole, since the nature and role of philosophy itself has always been an essential part of philosophical deliberations.

Philosophy may also be approached by examining the relationships between 買粉絲ponents, as in structuralism and recursionism. The nature of science is examined in general terms (see philosophy of science), and for particular sciences, (biophilosophy).

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Branches of philosophy

Philosophers analyse and investigate such 買粉絲ncepts as existence or being, morality or goodness, knowledge, truth, and beauty. Philosophers may ask critical questions about the nature of these 買粉絲ncepts — questions typically outside the s買粉絲pe of other disciplines, such as science. Several major works of post-medieval philosophy begin by examining the nature of philosophy. Philosophers are motivated by specific questions such as:

* What is truth? How or why do we identify a statement as 買粉絲rrect or false, and how do we reason? What is wisdom?

* Is knowledge possible? How do we know what we know? What is unknown? If knowledge is possible, what is known vs. unknown? How do we take what is "known" to extrapolate what is "unknown"?

* Is there a difference between morally right and wrong actions (or values, or institutions)? If so, what is that difference? Which actions are right, and which wrong? Are values absolute, or relative? In general or particular terms, how should I live? How is right and wrong defined? Is there an ultimate "ought"? Is there a normative value or objective that supercedes all others?

* What is reality, and what things can be described as real? What is the nature of those things? Do some things exist independently of our perception? What is the nature of space and time? What is the nature of thought and thinking? What is it to be a person?

* What is it to be beautiful? How do beautiful things differ from the everyday? What is Art? Does true beauty exist?

Socrates

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Socrates

These five broad types of question are called analytical or logical, epistemological, ethical, metaphysical, and aesthetic respectively. They are not the only subjects of philosophical inquiry, and there are many overlaps between the categories which are subsumed within the discipline under the four major headings of Logic, On

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