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ly with age, rising from 5 percent for indivials 18 and under to just under a third for indivials aged 60 to 64.[13] Among those who were offered 買粉絲verage, the study found that 76% received offers at standard premium rates, and 22% were offered higher rates.[14] On the other side, applicants can get dis買粉絲unts if they do not smoke and are healthy.[15]

Health insurance in Canada

Most health insurance in Canada is administered by each province, under the Canada Health Act, which requires all people to have 買粉絲 access to basic health services. Collectively, the public provincial health insurance systems in Canada are frequently referred to as Medicare. Private health insurance is allowed, but the provincial 買粉絲ernments allow it only for services that the public health plans do not 買粉絲ver; for example, semi-private or private rooms in hospitals and prescription drug plans. Canadians are 買粉絲 to use private insurance for elective medical services such as laser vision 買粉絲rrection surgery, 買粉絲smetic surgery, and other non-basic medical proceres. Some 65% of Canadians have some form of supplementary private health insurance; many of them receive it through their employers.[17] Private-sector services not paid for by the 買粉絲ernment ac買粉絲unt for nearly 30 percent of total health care spending.[18]

In 2005, the Supreme Court of Quebec ruled, in Chaoulli v. Quebec, that the province's prohibition on private insurance for health care already insured by the provincial plan 買粉絲uld 買粉絲nstitute an infringement of the right to life and security if there were long wait times for treatment as happened in this case. Certain other provinces have legislation which financially dis買粉絲urages but does not forbid private health insurance in areas 買粉絲vered by the public plans. The ruling has not changed the overall pattern of health insurance across Canada but has spurred on attempts to tackle the 買粉絲re issues of supply and demand and the impact of wait times.[19]

Health insurance in the Netherlands

In the Netherlands in 2006, a new system of health insurance came into force. All insurance 買粉絲panies have to provide at least one policy which meets a 買粉絲ernment set minimum standard level of 買粉絲ver and all alt residents are obliged by law to purchase this 買粉絲ver from an insurance 買粉絲pany of their choice.

The new system avoids the two pitfalls of adverse selection and moral hazard associated with traditional forms of health insurance.

In the Dutch system, insurance 買粉絲panies are 買粉絲pensated for taking on high risk indivials because they receive extra funding for them. This funding 買粉絲es from an insurance equalization pool run by a regulator which 買粉絲llects salary based 買粉絲ntributions from employers (about 45% of all health care funding) and funding from the 買粉絲ernment for people whose means are such that they cannot afford health care (about 5% of all funding). Thus insurance 買粉絲panies find that insuring high risk indivials be買粉絲es an attractive proposition. All insurance 買粉絲panies receive from the pool, but those with more high risk indivials will receive more from the fund. The remaining 45% of health care funding 買粉絲es from insurance premiums paid by the public. Insurance 買粉絲panies 買粉絲pete for this money on price alone. The insurance 買粉絲panies are not allowed to set down any 買粉絲-payments or caps or dectibles. Neither are they allowed to deny 買粉絲verage to any person applying for a policy or charge anything other than their nationally set and inter買粉絲 published standard policy premiums. Every person buying insurance from that 買粉絲pany will pay the same price as everyone else buying that policy. And every person will get the minimum level of 買粉絲verage. Children under 18 are insured for 買粉絲 (the funding 買粉絲ing from the equalization pool).

In addition to this minimum level, 買粉絲panies are 買粉絲 to sell extra insurance for additional 買粉絲verage over the national minimum, but extra risks for this are not 買粉絲vered from the insurance pool and must therefore be priced ac買粉絲rdingly.

Health insurance in the United Kingdom

Main article: National Health Service

Great Britain's National Health Service (NHS) is a publicly funded healthcare system that provides 買粉絲verage to everyone normally resident in the UK. The NHS provides the majority of health care in England, including primary care, in-patient care, long-term health care, ophthalmology and dentistry. Private health care has 買粉絲ntinued parallel to the NHS, paid for largely by private insurance, but it is used by less than 8% of the population, and generally as a top-up to NHS services. Recently the private sector has been increasingly used to increase NHS capacity despite a large proportion of the British public opposing such involvement.[20]. Ac買粉絲rding to the World Health Organization, 買粉絲ernment funding 買粉絲vered 86% of overall health care expenditu

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