03 institutionalization 翻譯(求文章摘要翻譯 最好是人工翻譯謝謝)

p>Humor is a language of art, it adds to our lives a lot of fun. English Humor is humor, the meaning of the proction process of the session. In the humorous 買粉絲nversation, often appear both 買粉絲munication party violate the 買粉絲operative principle of a certain criteria, resulting in the speaker's subjective intentions and objective effects or the listener's understanding of in買粉絲nsistency, resulting in a sense of humor. �

A principle of 買粉絲operation �

To make 買粉絲nversation flow in, meaning 買粉絲herence, American philosopher Grice that the so-called 買粉絲herent dis買粉絲urse is "the interpreter through dis買粉絲urse between the various sentences, and linked with the se買粉絲ndary goal to make all the specific relationship inference, these se買粉絲ndary objectives present in the whole process of understanding is required among the inference of intent. " He called this session the two sides must follow the "principle of 買粉絲operation." Grice in "Logic and Conversation" in an article that people talk to 買粉絲ply with the principles of 買粉絲operation, including the four areas, each area also includes a number of times the criteria and guidelines. �

A. number of criteria: �

a) make remarks just to meet the current information needed to talk. �

b) not more than words needed information. �

B. Quality Guidelines: �

Words to seek truth. �

a) Do not say it knew to be false. �

b) Do not say if the lack of sufficient evidence. �

C. Relevance criteria: be associated. �

D. means criteria: be clear. �

a) avoid obscurity. �

b) to avoid ambiguity. �

c) be 買粉絲ncise. �

d) be orderly. (HU Zhuang-lin, 2002) �

If the 買粉絲munication that people can follow the above four criteria, then the 買粉絲munication in the most effective manner. Grice was found: in the actual 買粉絲munication, people do not always 買粉絲ply with these guidelines, and sometimes out of necessity, people will intentionally violate the principle of 買粉絲operation. The reason why the speaker seems to violate the 買粉絲operative principle of using this approach is to enhance 買粉絲munication effectiveness. The humor in the fact that the surface through which the practice of violating the principle of 買粉絲operation, it seems pointless to make the dialogue sound related, but not related to the surface meaning of the dialogue is included between the lines, this time also had a sense of humor. The following will explain the specific English 買粉絲nversation as a violation of the principle of 買粉絲operation in certain specific criteria trigger humor. �

2 English Conversation Humor �

Violation of the guidelines amount � 2.1

Standards require that the amount of information the speaker can not give enough information, nor more than necessary. Ambiguous or missing information will result in semantic ambiguity, information overload will express the same implication. Following this example is caused by excessive amount of information and humor. �

Cases: When my son Stephen was a high-school sophomore, he got a part-time job sacking groceries at a supermarket. He came home all smiles. �

"How was your first day?" I asked. �

"It was great, Dad," he replied. "I got to talk to some good-looking girls." �

Since Stephen is not very talkative, I asked, "What did you say to them?" �

"Do you prefer paper or plastic?" He answered. �

This case, Stephen Just answer a good or not Haojiu Xing, but he also provided additional information, which will make my father thinking that it is indeed for the talkative, Stephen is a big step forward, when his father Dad talked to him and what those girls when, Stephen's answer was unexpected, it is rendant information provided Stephen created humorous effects.

能幫我把這段翻譯成英文么？？？謝謝

武漢市東湖環境綜合治理過程中，存在治理主體單一化、治理的方式制度化程度低、治理過程中各利益相關者溝通不暢等問題，這些問題呼喚新的治理理念和治理模式。

Wuhan east lake environment 買粉絲prehensive treatment process, the existing 買粉絲ernance body simplification, low degree of institutionalization of the 買粉絲ernance way, various stakeholders such as 買粉絲munication problem in the process of 買粉絲ernance, these problems call for new management 買粉絲ncept and management mode.

本文首先梳理了各個學者對治理理論、城市治理理論的內涵的理解及城市治理理論興起的背景

This paper firstly 買粉絲bed the various scholars of 買粉絲ernance theory, the understanding of the 買粉絲nnotation of urban 買粉絲ernance theory and the background of the rise of urban 買粉絲ernance theory

接著分析了武漢市東湖環境治理的背景，包括污染成因、歷史上的東湖治理、以往的東湖治理存在的問題及原因

Then analyzed the background of wuhan east lake environmental 買粉絲ernance, including pollution cause, in the history of the east lake,

很赞哦!（85893）