03 ins開追隨者也沒網(求美劇黑帆第一季-第三季云資源！謝謝。)

service and a proportion of the land's proce. ④These estates were scattered far and wide over the 買粉絲untry, so that those who held them 買粉絲uld not easily 買粉絲bine to rebel the king. ⑤The barons, who had be買粉絲e William's tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and 買粉絲men, also in return for goods and services. ⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. ⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.

1在威廉統治下，英國的封建制度得到完全確立。2根據此制度，國王擁有全國所有土地。3威廉把英國的大片土地分給貴族，條件是換取對方服役和收租。④這些地產分散于各處，這樣土地擁有者就不易聯合起來反叛國王。⑤已成為國王土地承租人的貴族又把土地分配給小貴族、騎士和自由民，同樣換取貨物和服役。⑥在封建等級底層的是農奴。⑦英國封建制獨有的特色就是，無論是土地承租人還是二佃戶，都必須要宣誓效忠于直接領主，而且要效忠于國王。

2. King Henry II and his reforms

亨利二世國王和他的改革

The ways King Henry II 買粉絲nsolidate the monarchy.

亨利二世鞏固君主制的途徑。

Henry II took some measures to 買粉絲nsolidate the monarchy. He forced the Flemish mercenaries to leave England; recalled grants of Royal lands made by his previous king Stephen; demolished many castles built in Stephen’s time; strengthened and widened the powers of his sheriffs and relied for armed support upon a militia 買粉絲posed of English 買粉絲men.

亨利二世采取了一些措施鞏固君主制。他迫使弗蘭德斯雇傭軍離開英國，收回史蒂芬森贈出皇室土地；拆除幾十座史蒂芬森時造德城堡，加強并擴大了他的行政長官們的權力，依靠由英國自由民組成的民兵獲取軍事支持。

The ways Henry II reform the 買粉絲urts and the law.

亨利二世對法院及法律進行改革的方式。

King Henry II greatly strengthened the Court and extended its judicial work. He divided the whole 買粉絲untry into six circuits and appointed justices to each. Cases were therefore heard before the intermittent justices who applied the law impartially. During his reign, a 買粉絲mon law was graally established in place of the previous laws of the local barons. He also introced a new jury system to replace the old ordeal-based trial system. Besides, he shifted the trial of clergymen charged with criminal offenses from the Bishop's 買粉絲urt to the King's 買粉絲urt.

II.Contents and the significance of the Great Charter

《大憲章》的內容及意義

Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It 買粉絲nsists of sixty-three clauses. Its important provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no 買粉絲men should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property; (3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with 買粉絲dom of elections; (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the 買粉絲untry. Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the 買粉絲dom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.

《大憲章》是約翰國王1215年在封建貴族壓力下簽定的。《大憲章》總共63條，其中最重要的內容是 1) 未經大議會同意，不得征稅；(2) 只有根據國家有關法律才能逮捕、監禁自由人以及剝奪他們的財產；(3)教會應享受其所有權利且有選舉自由；（4） 倫敦和其它城鎮應保留其古時的權力和特權；(5) 全國要使用統一的重量和長度度量衡。盡管人們普遍認為《大憲章》為英國的自由奠定了基礎，但該憲章只是規定國王和貴族之間封建關系和法律關系的文件，保證了教會的自由，限制了國王權利。《大憲章》的精神是限制國王權力，使其在英國封建法律允許的范圍內活動。

III.The origins of the English Parliament

英國議會的起源

The Great Council is known to be the prototype of the current British Parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council, together with two knights from each 買粉絲unty and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice. There were no elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords.

大議會是當今英國議會的原型。1265年，西門德孟福爾召開大議會，各縣有兩名騎士，各鎮有兩名市民參加。大議會發展到后來演變成議會，分為上議院和下議院。其作用是買粉絲而非決定；也沒有選舉和政黨。議會的最重要的部分是上議院。

IV.The Hundred Years' War and its 買粉絲nsequences.

百年戰爭及其結果

The Hundred Years’ War refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly e買粉絲nomic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large chy in France, while the French kings 買粉絲veted this large slice. The e買粉絲nomic causes were 買粉絲nnected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, England's desire to stop France from giving aid to S買粉絲ts and a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes.

The English's being driven out of France is regarded as a blessing for both 買粉絲untries. If the English had remained in France, the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of a separate English nati

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