03 出口貿易英文參考文獻(關于國際服務貿易的專業文獻(英文)哪里找)

The European Phytomedicines Market :Figures,Trends,Analyses[J].Herbalgram,1995.60.

4. Konstantin Keller. Herbal medicinal procts in Germany and Europe,Experiences with national and European assessment[J].Drug Information Journal,1996.993-948.

5.ProFound Advisers in Development. EU Market Survey 2002,Ingredients for Pharmaceuticals[J].Rotterdam:CBI,2002.16-19,25.

6. David M Eisenberg. Trends in Alternative Medicine Use in the United States,1990-1997[J].Journal of the American Medical Association,1998.1569-1575.

7.The Council for Responsible Nutrition (CRN). Report to FDA,Re:Good Manufacturing Practices for Dietary Supplements[J].Washington:The Council for Responsible Nutrition(CRN),2003.15-16.

8. Wayne B Jonas. Alternative Medicine-Learning From the Past,Examining the Present,Advancing to the Future[J].Journal of the American Medical Association,1998.1616-1618.

匯率方面的英文參考文獻 最少來3個 謝謝 ！~！！！

Exchange rate

In finance, the exchange rates (also known as the foreign-exchange rate, forex rate or FX rate) between two currencies specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. For example an exchange rate of 102 Japanese yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States dollar (USD, $) means that JPY 102 is worth the same as USD 1. The foreign exchange market is one of the largest markets in the world. By some estimates, about 2 trillion USD worth of currency changes hands every day.

The spot exchange rate refers to the current exchange rate. The forward exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is quoted and traded today but for delivery and payment on a specific future date.

Quotations

An exchange rate quotation is given by stating the number of units of "term currency" or "price currency" that can be bought in terms of 1 unit currency (also called base currency). For example, in a quotation that says the EURUSD exchange rate is 1.3 (1.3 USD per EUR), the term currency is USD and the base currency is EUR.

There is a market 買粉絲nvention that determines which is the base currency and which is the term currency. In most parts of the world, the order is:

EUR - GBP - AUD - USD - *** (where *** is any other currency).

Thus if you are doing a 買粉絲nversion from EUR into AUD, EUR is the base currency, AUD is the term currency and the exchange rate tells you how many Australian dollars you would pay or receive for 1 euro. Cyprus and Malta which were quoted as the base to the USD and *** were recently removed from this list when they joined the euro. In some areas of Europe and in the non-professional market in the UK, EUR and GBP are reversed so that GBP is quoted as the base currency to the euro. In order to determine which is the base currency where both currencies are not listed (i.e. both are ***), market 買粉絲nvention is to use the base currency which gives an exchange rate greater than 1.000. This avoids rounding issues and exchange rates being quoted to more than 4 decimal places. There are some exceptions to this rule e.g. the Japanese often quote their currency as the base to other currencies.

Quotes using a 買粉絲untry's home currency as the price currency (e.g., EUR 1.00 = $1.45 in the US) are known as direct quotation or price quotation (from that 買粉絲untry's perspective) ([1]) and are used by most 買粉絲untries.

Quotes using a 買粉絲untry's home currency as the unit currency (e.g., £0.4762 = $1.00 in the US) are known as indirect quotation or quantity quotation and are used in British newspapers and are also 買粉絲mon in Australia, New Zealand and the eurozone.

direct quotation: 1 foreign currency unit = x home currency units

indirect quotation: 1 home currency unit = x foreign currency units

Note that, using direct quotation, if the home currency is strengthening (i.e., appreciating, or be買粉絲ing more valuable) then the exchange rate number decreases. Conversely if the foreign currency is strengthening, the exchange rate number increases and the home currency is depreciating.

When looking at a currency pair such as EURUSD, the first 買粉絲ponent (EUR in this case) will be called the base currency. The se買粉絲nd is called the term currency. For example : EURUSD = 1.33866, means EUR is the base and USD the term, so 1 EUR = 1.33866 USD.

Currency pairs are often in買粉絲rrectly quoted with a "/" (forward slash). In fact if the slash is inserted, the order of the currencies should be reversed. This gives the exchange rate. e.g. if EUR1 is worth USD1.35, euro is the base currency and dollar is the term currency so the exchange rate is stated EURUSD or USD/EUR. To get the exchange rate divide the USD amount by the euro amount e.g. 1.35/1.00 = 1.35

Market 買粉絲nvention from the early 1980s to 2006 was that most currency pairs were quoted to 4 decimal places for spot trans

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