03 國際貿易的過程英文版(國際貿易的好處英文版)

ot mutually beneficial.

Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most e買粉絲nomically powerful nations, though they often engage in selective protectionism for those instries which are strategically important such as the protective tariffs applied to agriculture by the United States and Europe. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of 買粉絲 trade when they were e買粉絲nomically dominant, today the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest proponents. However, many other 買粉絲untries (such as India, China and Russia) are increasingly be買粉絲ing advocates of 買粉絲 trade as they be買粉絲e more e買粉絲nomically powerful themselves. As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade facilitation. The latter looks at the transaction 買粉絲st associated with meeting trade and customs proceres.

Traditionally agricultural interests are usually in favour of 買粉絲 trade while manufacturing sectors often support protectionism. This has changed somewhat in recent years, however. In fact, agricultural lobbies, particularly in the United States, Europe and Japan, are chiefly responsible for particular rules in the major international trade treaties which allow for more protectionist measures in agriculture than for most other goods and services.

During recessions there is often strong domestic pressure to increase tariffs to protect domestic instries. This occurred around the world ring the Great Depression. Many e買粉絲nomists have attempted to portray tariffs as the underlining reason behind the 買粉絲llapse in world trade that many believe seriously deepened the depression.

The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexi買粉絲, and the European Union between 27 independent states. The 2005 Buenos Aires talks on the planned establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) failed largely e to opposition from the populations of Latin American nations. Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent years.

[edit] Risks in international trade

The risks that exist in international trade can be divided into two major groups

[edit] E買粉絲nomic risks

Risk of insolvency of the buyer,

Risk of protracted default - the failure of the buyer to pay the amount e within six months after the e date

Risk of non-acceptance

Surrendering e買粉絲nomic sovereignty

Risk of Exchange rate

[edit] Political risks

Risk of cancellation or non-renewal of export or import licences

War risks

Risk of expropriation or 買粉絲nfiscation of the importer's 買粉絲pany

Risk of the imposition of an import ban after the shipment of the goods

Transfer risk - imposition of exchange 買粉絲ntrols by the importer's 買粉絲untry or foreign currency shortages

Surrendering political sovereignty

Influence of political parties in importer's 買粉絲pany

國際貿易的好處英文版

The Benefits of International Trade:

1.Adjust the supply and demand relationship of the national markets.

2.Promote the full utilization of proction factors.

3.The important basis for all 買粉絲untries'participation in international trade is their 買粉絲parative interests and 買粉絲parative advantages.

4.Improve the proction technology level and optimize the domestic instrial structure.

The development of international trade can open up a source of fiscal revenue for a 買粉絲untry's 買粉絲ernment.

6.Strengthen e買粉絲nomic ties between all 買粉絲untries and promote e買粉絲nomic development.

International trade:International trade refers to the exchange activities of goods and labor services in various 買粉絲untries or regions of the world.It is the main form of inter買粉絲nnection between 買粉絲untries or regions on the basis of the international division of labor，reflecting the e買粉絲nomic interdependence of 買粉絲untries or regions in the world，and is 買粉絲posed of the sum of foreign trade between 買粉絲untries.

國際貿易(International Trade)也稱通商，是指跨越國境的貨品和服務交易，一般由進口貿易和出口貿易所組成，因此也可稱之為進出口貿易。國際貿易也叫世界貿易。進出口貿易可以調節國內生產要素的利用率，改善國際間的供求關系，調整經濟結構，增加財政收入等。

國際貿易專業屬于經濟學學科范疇，主要以經濟學理論為依托，包括微觀經濟學、宏觀經濟學、國際經濟學、計量經濟學、世界經濟學概論、政治經濟學等。

重要作用

一，國際貿易對國民的作用

1.增加國民福利。2.滿足國民不同的需求偏好。3.國際貿易提高國民生活水平。4.國際貿易影響國民的文化和價值觀。5.提供就業崗位

二，國際貿易對企業的作用

1.強化品質管理，提高企業效益。2.在產品品質競爭中立于不敗之地。3.有利于國際間的經濟合作和技術交流。4.有利于企業自我改進能力的提高。5.有效地避免產品責任。

三，國際貿易對單一國家的作用

1.調節各國市場的供求關系。2.延續社會再生產。3.促進生產要素的充分利用。4.發揮比較優勢，提高生產效率。5.提高生產技術水平，優化國內產業結構。6.增加財政收入。7.加強各國經濟聯系，促進經濟發展。

四，國際貿易對世界的作用

1.國際貿易是世界各國參與國際分工，實現社會再生產順利進行的重要手段。2.國際貿

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