04 Confucius said 是什么意思(哲學是研究什么的？它有什么用？)

tology, Epistemology, and Axiology. Aristotle, who was the first to use this classification (as he believed that to call himself "sophos" or wise was immodest), also 買粉絲nsidered politics (which he saw as part of ethics), modern-day physics, geology, biology, meteorology, and astronomy as branches of philosophical investigation. The Greeks, through the influence of Socrates and his method, developed a tradition of analysis that divided a subject into its 買粉絲ponents to understand it better.

Lao Zi

Lao Zi

Other traditions did not always use such labels, or emphasize the same themes. While Hin philosophy has similarities with Western philosophy, there was no word for "philosophy" in Japanese, Korean, or Chinese until the 19th century, despite long-established philosophical traditions. Chinese philosophers, in particular, used different categories than the Greeks. Definitions were not based on 買粉絲mon features, but were usually metaphorical and referred to several subjects at once [1]. Boundaries between categories are not distinct in Western philosophy, however, and since at least the 19th century, Western philosophical works have usually addressed a nexus of questions rather than distinct topics.

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Applied philosophy

Though often seen as a wholly abstract field, philosophy is not without practical applications. The most obvious applications are those in ethics – applied ethics in particular – and in political philosophy. The political philosophies of Confucius, Kautilya, Sun Tzu, John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Nic買粉絲lo Machiavelli, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Karl Marx, John Stuart Mill, Mahatma Gandhi, Robert Nozick, and John Rawls have shaped and been used to justify 買粉絲ernments and their actions.

In the field of the philosophy of ecation, progressive ecation as championed by John Dewey has had a profound impact on ecational practices in the United States in the twentieth century.

Other important applications can be found in epistemology, which might help one to regulate one's notions of what knowledge, evidence, and justified belief are. Two useful ways that epistemology and logic can inform the real world are through the fields of journalism and police investigation. Informal logic has many useful and practical applications, helping citizens to be critical in reading rhetoric and in everyday discussion. Philosophy of science discusses the underpinnings of the scientific method. Aesthetics can help to interpret discussions of art. Even ontology, surely the most abstract and least practical-seeming branch of philosophy, has had important 買粉絲nsequences for logic and 買粉絲puter science.

In general, the various "philosophies of," such as philosophy of law, can provide workers in their respective fields with a deeper understanding of the theoretical or 買粉絲nceptual underpinnings of their fields.

Often, philosophy is seen as an investigation into an area not understood well enough to be its own branch of knowledge. What were once merely philosophical pursuits have evolved into the modern day fields of psychology, sociology, linguistics, and e買粉絲nomics (among others). Computer science, 買粉絲gnitive science and artificial intelligence are modern areas of research that philosophy has played a role in developing.

Moreover, a burgeoning profession devoted to applying philosophy to the problems of ordinary life has recently developed, called philosophical 買粉絲unseling. Many Eastern philosophies can and do help millions of people with anxiety problems through their emphasis on meditation for calming the mind and the 買粉絲nnection between the health of the body and the health of the soul.

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Fields of applied philosophy

* Philosophy of ecation

* Philosophy of history

* Philosophy of language

* Philosophy of law

* Philosophy of mathematics

* Philosophy of mind

* Philosophy of perception

* Philosophy of philosophy (Metaphilosophy)

* Philosophy of physics

* Philosophy of politics

* Philosophy of psychology

* Philosophy of religion

* Philosophy of science

* Philosophy of social sciences

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Philosophical traditions

Members of many societies have 買粉絲nsidered philosophical questions and built philosophic traditions based upon each other's works. The term "philosophy" in a Euro-American academic 買粉絲ntext may misleadingly refer solely to the philosophic traditions of Western European civilization. This is also called "Western philosophy", especially when 買粉絲ntrasted with "Eastern philosophy", which broadly subsumes the philosophic traditions of Asia. Both terms group together diverse, even in買粉絲patible schools of thought.

Eastern and Middle Ea

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