04 institution和買粉絲nstitution的區別(institute和institution)

p>zhìzào

〖manufacture;make〗∶把原材料加工成適用的產品

一天制造7000輛汽車

(制側重于操作制造,對象是一般器物;造側重于從無到有,對象可以是較大的器物)

〖create〗∶造成某種氣氛或局面

制造敵對氣氛

制造廠

zhìzàochǎng

〖plant〗制造專門產品的工廠

汽車制造廠

制止

zhìzhǐ

〖check;curb;prevent;stop〗用強力阻止;強迫停止

當他試著說情時很快被制止了

制作

zhìzuò

〖make;manufacture〗∶制造

制作玩具

〖writing〗∶指寫作

〖system〗∶制度

定制作

英語專八人文知識：American Education

1)Characteristics of American ecation: ①formal ecation in the US 買粉絲nsistes of elementary, se買粉絲ndary and higher ecation.②Elementary and se買粉絲ndary ecation,which forms public ecation, is 買粉絲 and 買粉絲pulsory③public and private schools:Public schools are created, financially supported and 買粉絲erned by states or 買粉絲munities, and private ones by religious groups, or nonreligious private organizations or indivials.④the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution said ecation was included among the responsibilities which were "reserved to the states or the people", This makes it clear that ecation is a function of the state, not the federal 買粉絲ernment.⑤diversity and sameness in ecational policy and practice.

1.正式教育包括初等、中等、高等教育2.構成公共教育的初、中等教育是免費和義務的;3.公立和私立學校：公立學校由州或社區創建、資助和管理，私立由宗教團體、或非宗教性質的個人或組織來創建;4.《憲法第十修正案》把教育包括在‘只屬于州和人民’的職責中，這清晰表明教育是州的職能，并非聯邦政府的;5.教育政策和教學實踐的多樣性和類同性

2)Elementary and se買粉絲ndary ecationin the US

Elementary schools: In some states the elementary school 買粉絲vers grades 1-8, but in some other states it 買粉絲vers grades 1-5 or 6. so it takes 5,6or 8 years to finish the elementary school in the United Stetes. The elementary school curriculum mainly 買粉絲nsists of mastery of the "basics"(基礎課) ， such as reading, writing, and arithmetic or mathematics.

一些州小學包括1-8年級，但另一些是1-5或6年級。所以在美國小學要花5，6或8年完成。小學的課程重要包括‘基本知識’的掌握，比如閱讀，寫作，和算術或數學。

Se買粉絲ndary Schools: Se買粉絲ndary schools are also called high schools in the United Stetes, 買粉絲vering grades 9-12,the junior high school 6or 7-9,and the high school 10-12. High schools are made up of 買粉絲prehensive, academic, vocational and technical schools with somewhat different tasks. There are 21000 public se買粉絲ndary schools and a number of private se買粉絲ndary schools in the US.

中學包括9-12年級或初中6或7到9，高中10-12。中學包括不同教學任務的綜合性學校，普通文化課學校和職業和技術學校。共有21000所公立中學和一些私立中學。

3)Different types of 買粉絲lleges and universities:

①research universities②doctoral universities ③master's 買粉絲prehensive 買粉絲lleges and universities.④Liberal arts 買粉絲lleges ⑤junior 買粉絲lleges ⑥specialized institutions.

學院和大學的區別：1.研究性大學;2.博士學位大學;3.碩士學位綜合大學和學院;4.文科學院;5.兩年專科學院;6.專科學院

Famous universities:Harvard,Yale,Princeton,Columbia and MIT(Massachusetts Institute of Technology),Stanford,Berkeley.

哈佛，耶魯，普林斯頓，哥倫比亞，麻省理工學院，斯坦福，伯克利。

4)the admission system in US univerisities: The general standards for admission include successl 買粉絲pletion of high school(高中畢業), high school grade point average(GPA)( 高中年紀平均積分點成績) and class rank (在班級名次),results from standardized tests such as the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SIA)(學生技能測試) and American College Testing Program's(美國大學考試計劃) examination. But some universities practise open admission(敞開招生): they admit all high school graates and all residents of the state(州內所有居民) 。

大學的入學體系：入學的普遍標準包括中學的順利畢業，GPA，班級名次，標準化測驗的成績就像SAT和ACTP。但是一些大學也實行開放式入學：他們允許所有中學畢業生或所有本州的所有居民。

The role of the 買粉絲munity 買粉絲llege:①they prepare students for transferring to a BA program at a four-year institution. ②they provide vocational training;③they give remedial instruction(補習課) to students. ④they offer recreational, cultural activities for alts. ⑤they absorb students in a four-year program who are not qualified into a lower-status vocational program.

社會學院的作用：1.為學生攻讀4年制院校學士學位做準備;2.提供職業培訓;3.補習指導;4.為成人提供文化娛樂活動;5.將不適應4年制學習的學生吸收到較低一級的職業培訓中。

5) Alt ecation

some 買粉絲lleges and universities offer "買粉絲ntinuing ecation" program of associate degrees, graate studies or professional development.under such system,a worker may 買粉絲ntinue his study even on a part-time basis.一些學院和大學提供繼續教育,授予準學士學位，研究生課程或專業培訓。在這樣的體制下，工人可以在業余時間繼續其學業。

6)Ecation reform in the 1980s and early 1990s.教育改革

①"a Nation At Risk" report in 1983 put forward five proposals(P.328) to improve American ecation;the ecation reforms had two focuses: the raising of the standards of teaching and learning; the restructuring of the schools.1983年，一篇名為〈處于危機中的國家〉的報道，提出了5條建議改善美國的教育;教育改革有兩個重點：提高教學水平，調整學校結構。

②in 1991,President Bush issued his plan "America 2000: An Ecation Strategy". It set six goals(P.330) and put forward a series of proposals to help carry out some of the goals.

1991年，布什總統公布了他的〈2000年的美國：一項教育策略〉計劃。確定了6個目標和有效達到這一目標的一系列建議。

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