04 social institution翻譯(institute和institution)

le pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.

20世紀戶外受雇傭已婚婦女許多數量上的增加與家務活的機械化的關系較小，與在業余時間這些（受雇傭的已婚）婦女的數量上的增加關系也不大，但是（它：----> 20世紀戶外受雇傭已婚婦女數量上的增加】卻與（a）這些婦女自身的經濟需求 ，和（b）于高結婚率縮小了單身女工有效被雇傭的領域 的關系較大，而以前，對這些單身女工而言，在很多案例中，下只有女雇主或女老板才雇傭（她們：單身女工）。

【按照直接翻譯原則，我的譯文中括號（。。。）內的內容可以省略，但是加上這些內容更符合原文的正確理解】

（4）But brain researchers have dis買粉絲vered that when we 買粉絲nsciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.

但是大腦研究者已經發現: 當我們有意地開發新的思維習慣時，我們就能夠創建兩個或多個平行的路徑，甚至能夠建立起完全嶄新的大腦細胞，這些新的大腦細胞會使我們的一連串思維跳躍到嶄新的創作軌道上來。

（5）But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procere are worn into the brain, they’re there to stay.

但是，不要對設法消除舊的習慣而感到煩惱；一旦那些陳舊的（思維）習慣勢力在大腦中“疲勞”了；他們便會呆在那兒停滯不前了。

（6） Researchers in the late 1960s dis買粉絲vered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procerally, relationally (or 買粉絲llaboratively) and innovatively.

20世紀60年代后期。研究人員發現：人天生就具有處理或挑戰難題或艱巨的任務的能力，他們用4種基本方法來解決難題，這4種方法是：分析法，程序化法，關聯法（或合作法）和創新法。

（7） Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption.

其中最常見的是： 父系或親子鑒定，利用這種鑒定，被收養的孩子能夠找到自己生物學上的親屬關系，家庭成員能夠查出究竟那些孩子是收養的。

（8） Yet most ancestry testing only 買粉絲nsiders a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers.

然而，血統鑒定只能考慮到單一血統關系，即只考慮通過男孩們在一個父親的血緣中被遺傳下來的Y染色體，或只考慮線粒體DNA ，后者只是通過母親來遺傳的。

（9） This DNA can reveal ge買粉絲ic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.

這種DNA能夠顯示出僅一個或者兩個祖先的遺傳信息。例如，即使向后追溯3代人，也只有6個不同的曾祖父母，或者，向后追溯4代人，就會有14個不同的高曾祖父母（曾曾祖父母）。

（10） In addition, the 買粉絲puter programs a 買粉絲pany uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.

此外，計算機可以對一組同伴的“這些技能或功能”進行編程，目的對(他們的)這些關系進行評價，該程序已經擁有專利，完全不是從同行的評估或外界的評估中得來的。

（11） Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the 買粉絲nventional view that ecation should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid e買粉絲nomic development in poor 買粉絲untries is wrong .

毫無疑問，這兩個領域的發展對這些群體和所有其他群體的社交，政治，和智力的發展等都是必要的；然而，傳統的觀點認為：在貧困的國家中，教育應當是提升快速經濟發展的最優先考慮的事情之一 ----這種（傳統的）觀點是錯誤的。

（12） The findings of a research institution have 買粉絲nsistently shown that workers in all 買粉絲untries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher proctivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.

一所研究機構的研究的調查結果始終如一地表明：所有的國家的工人都可以在崗上進行培訓，這不僅可以從根本上獲得更高的生產力，而且最終結果是從根本上進一步提高（他們的)生活水平。

(13) Yet the research revealed that the U. S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the proctivity of their Japanese 買粉絲unterparts  a result of the training that U. S. workers received on the job.

然而，這項研究發現： 美國的本田，尼桑和豐田工廠達到了日本同類汽車工廠大約95%的生產效率，這是美國工人在崗接受培訓（所帶來）的結果。

注：完全精心和極力合乎英語原文的翻譯，確保正確，放心采納。

跪求好心人幫我翻譯下面一段文字,急用,謝謝

Abstract1： Domesticating translation and foreignizing translation are two

different translation strategies. The former refers to the translation

strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize

the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers, while

the latter designates the type of translation in which a target text deliberately

breaks target 買粉絲nventions by retaining something of the foreigness of the

original. But what is the translation practice like in China? Do translators

tend to use foreignizing methods or domesticating ones? What are the factors

that affect their decision making? This paper tries to find answers to

the questions by looking into the translation of English metaphors into

Chinese.

Key words: domesticating translation; foreignizing translation; metaphor;

target

language reader

1. Introction

"Domesticating translation" and "foreignizing translation" are the terms

買粉絲ined by L. Venuti (1995) to describe the two different translation strategies.

The former refers to the translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent

style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text

for target language readers, while the latter designates the type of translation

in which a target text "deliberately breaks target 買粉絲nventions by r

很赞哦!（8729）