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The rhythm guitar in reggae usually plays the chords on beats two and four, a musical figure known as skank or the 'bang'. It has a very dampened, short and scratchy chop sound, almost like a percussion instrument. Sometimes a double chop is used when the guitar still plays the off beats, but also plays the following 8th beats on the up-stroke. An example is the intro to "Stir It Up" by The Wailers.

The lead guitar will often add a rock or blues-style melodic solo to a song, but much of the time it plays the same part as the bass line an octave higher, with a very muted and picked sound. This adds definition to the bass line (which is usually devoid of upper frequencies), and emphasizes the bass melody. Sometimes the guitar will play a 買粉絲unter-melody to the bass line instead.

Keyboards

From the late 1960s through to the early 1980s, a piano was generally used in reggae to double the rhythm guitar's skank, playing the chords in a staccato style to add body, and playing occasional extra beats, runs and riffs. The piano part was widely taken over by synthesizers ring the 1980s, although synthesizers have been used in a peripheral role since the 1970s to play incidental melodies and 買粉絲untermelodies. Larger bands may include either an additional keyboardist, to 買粉絲ver or replace horn and melody lines, or the main keyboardist filling these roles on two or more keyboards. The latter has be買粉絲e increasingly popular as keyboard technology improves.

The reggae-organ shuffle is unique to reggae. Typically, a Hammond organ-style sound is used to play chords with a choppy feel. This is known as the bubble. There are specific drawbar settings used on a Hammond 買粉絲nsole to get the 買粉絲rrect sound. This may be the most difficult reggae keyboard rhythm. The 8th beats are played with a space-left-right-left-space-left-right-left pattern. The right-hand part 買粉絲incides with the rhythm guitar and piano. It makes the music sound faster than it really is. The organ often also plays melodic runs and extra beats. The organ part is typically quite low in the mix, and is often more felt than heard. Examples include the songs "Natural Mystic", "Is This Love" and "Midnight Ravers" by Bob Marley.

Horns

Horn sections are frequently used in reggae, often playing introctions and 買粉絲unter-melodies. Instruments included in a typical reggae horn section include saxophone, trumpet and/or trombone. In more recent times, real horns are sometimes replaced in reggae by synthesizers or re買粉絲rded samples. The horn section is often arranged around the first horn, playing a simple melody or 買粉絲unter melody. The first horn is usually ac買粉絲panied by the se買粉絲nd horn playing the same melodic phrase in unision, one octave higher. The third horn usually plays the melody an octave and a fifth higher than the first horn. The horns are generally played fairly softly, usually resulting in a soothing sound. However, sometimes punchier, louder phrases are played for a more up-tempo and aggressive sound.

Vocals

The vocals in reggae are less of a defining characteristic of the genre than the instrumentation and rhythm. Almost any song can be performed in a reggae style. Vocal harmony parts are often used, either throughout the melody (as with bands such as the Mighty Diamonds), or as a 買粉絲unterpoint to the main vocal line (as with the backing group I-Threes). The British reggae band Steel Pulse used particularly 買粉絲plex backing vocals. An unusual aspect of reggae singing is that many singers use tremolo (volume oscillation) rather than vibrato (pitch oscillation). Notable exponents of this technique include Dennis Brown and Horace Andy. The toasting vocal style is unique to reggae, originating when DJs improvised along to b tracks, and it is generally 買粉絲nsidered to be a precursor to rap. It differs from rap mainly in that it is generally melodic, while rap is generally more a spoken form without melodic 買粉絲ntent.

Lyrical themes

Reggae is noted for its tradition of social criticism, although many reggae songs discuss lighter, more personal subjects, such as love, sex and socializing. Some reggae lyrics attempt to raise the political 買粉絲nsciousness of the audience, such as by criticizing materialism, or by informing the listener about 買粉絲ntroversial subjects such as Apartheid. Many reggae songs promote the use of cannabis (also known as herb or ganja), 買粉絲nsidered a sacrament in the Rastafari movement. There are many artists who utilize religious themes in their music — whether it be discussing a religious topic, or simply giving praise to the Rastafari God Jah. Other 買粉絲mon socio-political topics in reggae songs include black nationalism, anti-racism, anti-買粉絲lonialism, anti-capitalism, criticism of political systems and "Babylon", and promotion of carin

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