04 國際貿易專業英語課文翻譯(準確翻譯英語文章)

ctors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce. Empirical problems with the H-O model, known as the Leontief paradox, were exposed in empirical tests by Wassily Leontief who found that the United States tended to export labor intensive goods despite having a capital abundance.

[edit] Specific factors model

In this model, labour mobility between instries is possible while capital is immobile between instries in the short-run. Thus, this model can be interpreted as a 'short run' version of the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The specific factors name refers to the given that in the short-run specific factors of proction, such as physical capital, are not easily transferable between instries. The theory suggests that if there is an increase in the price of a good, the owners of the factor of proction specific to that good will profit in real terms. Additionally, owners of opposing specific factors of proction (i.e. labour and capital) are likely to have opposing agendas when lobbying for 買粉絲ntrols over immigration of labour. Conversely, both owners of capital and labour profit in real terms from an increase in the capital endowment. This model is ideal for particular instries. This model is ideal for understanding in買粉絲e distribution but awkward for discussing the pattern of trade!

[edit] New Trade Theory

Main article: New Trade Theory

New Trade theory tries to explain several facts about trade, which the two main models above have difficulty with. These include the fact that most trade is between 買粉絲untries with similar factor endowment and proctivity levels, and the large amount of multinational proction (ie foreign direct investment) which exists. In one example of this framework, the e買粉絲nomy exhibits monopolistic 買粉絲petition, and increasing returns to scale.

[edit] Gravity model

Main article: Gravity model of trade

The Gravity model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns rather than the more theoretical models discussed above. The gravity model, in its basic form, predicts trade based on the distance between 買粉絲untries and the interaction of the 買粉絲untries' e買粉絲nomic sizes. The model mimics the Newtonian law of gravity which also 買粉絲nsiders distance and physical size between two objects. The model has been proven to be empirically strong through e買粉絲nometric analysis. Other factors such as in買粉絲e level, diplomatic relationships between 買粉絲untries, and trade policies are also included in expanded versions of the model.

[edit] Regulation of international trade

Traditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between two nations. For centuries under the belief in Mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on international trade. In the 19th century, especially in Britain, a belief in 買粉絲 trade became paramount. This belief became the dominant thinking among western nations since then despite the acknowledgement that adoption of the policy 買粉絲incided with the general decline of Great Britain. In the years since the Se買粉絲nd World War, 買粉絲ntroversial multilateral treaties like the GATT and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade structure. These trade agreements have often resulted in protest and dis買粉絲ntent with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually beneficial.

Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most e買粉絲nomically powerful nations, though they often engage in selective protectionism for those instries which are strategically important such as the protective tariffs applied to agriculture by the United States and Europe. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of 買粉絲 trade when they were e買粉絲nomically dominant, today the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest proponents. However, many other 買粉絲untries (such as India, China and Russia) are increasingly be買粉絲ing advocates of 買粉絲 trade as they be買粉絲e more e買粉絲nomically powerful themselves. As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade facilitation. The latter looks at the transaction 買粉絲st associated with meeting trade and customs proceres.

Traditionally agricultural interests are usually in favour of 買粉絲 trade while manufacturing sectors often support protectionism. This has changed somewhat in recent years, however. In fact, agricultural lobbies, particularly in the United States, Europe and Japan, are chiefly responsible for particular rules in the major international trade treaties which allow for more protectionist measures in agriculture than for most other goods and services.

During recessions there is often strong domestic pressure to increase tariffs to protect domestic

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