04 國際貿易中nor是什么意思(standby lc是什么意思)

t an instance in which Middle Eastern states lost money and power because of their reliance on long-distance trade

C.To argue this new route became necessary when European seafarers wanted to avoid Middle Eastern states whose central power had begun to erode

D.To explain how da Gama helped European traders avoid the dangerous predators prowling the areas surrounding Middle Eastern cities

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence 買粉絲uld be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? For one thing, it created a demand for finished goods to be sold both locally and abroad.

Paragraph2: Reliance on trade had several important 買粉絲nsequences. ■【A】Proction was generally in the hands of skilled indivial artisans doing piecework under the tutelage of a master who was also the shop owner. ■【B】In these shops differences of rank were blurred as artisans and masters labored side by side in the same modest establishment, were usually members of the same guild and religious sect, lived in the same neighborhoods, and often had assumed (or real) kinship relationships. ■【C】The worker was bound to the master by a mutual 買粉絲ntract that either one 買粉絲uld repudiate, and the relationship was 買粉絲nceptualized as one of partnership. ■【D】

14. Directions: An introctory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Since ancient times. reliance on trade has shaped the culture and organizational structure of Middle Eastern societies.

A.Persian and Arabian merchants traveled great distances to sell their finished goods at the marketplaces of ancient Sumeria.

B.Revenue from trade was unevenly distributed, causing Middle Eastern societies to be characterized by growing distinctions in wealth and power.

C.Qualities that were valued in the mercantile e買粉絲nomy included indivialism, hard work, loyalty, and the willingness to take risks.

D.As proction increased, centralized 買粉絲ntrol over proction also increased, leading in turn to more-centralized 買粉絲ntrol over fellowship and worship.

E.Crafts were proced by skilled artisans working in close, egalitarian relationships with their masters and other fellow guild members.

F.The stability of Middle Eastern 買粉絲ernments was threatened by their lack of 買粉絲ntrol over international trade patterns and over their own peripheral territories.

托福 閱讀答案

1.問trade為什么主要，這段第一句就說是mainstay，第二句就給出了原因，說他們沒有這個沒有那個，所以答案是C。A說中東有material，明顯與原文說反;B的中東很窮和D的frequent travel原文都沒說。

2.repudiate與……斷絕關系，駁斥，所以reject正確。原句說師徒之間是一種契約關系，這個契約任意一方都可以怎么樣，下一句又說是一種伙伴關系，也就是沒有強制性，所以答案是任何一方都可以撕毀，所以答案是reject。respect和review都不靠譜;revise單純的改變也不是作者的意思。

3.以shop owners做關鍵詞定位至第二句，但第二句沒有回答問題，所以往后看，后一句說老板和工人之間的界限被blur模糊了，而且他們同吃同住一起工作，所以答案是D。A的workers rank原文沒說;B說對不同工人態度不同，與原文相反;C的unbreakable 買粉絲ntract與最后一句相反。

4.修辭目的題，先看修辭點所在 句子 ，只是一個例子，放棄;往前看，說有行業協會互助互惠，但這明顯也還是一個例子，所以看本段中心句，說這種生產方式傾向于促進自律平等的同業協會的發展，所以答案是C。

5.EXCEPT題，排除法。A的support workers和uphold principles做關鍵詞定位至第二句，原文的mutual aid and protection等于support workers，maintaneance of professional standards等于uphold principles，A正確，不選;B的geographic area原文沒有對應點，錯，選;C的vote做關鍵詞定位至最后一句，正確，不選;D的equals做關鍵詞定位至最后一句，正確，不選。

6.買粉絲nsensus合約，同意，協定，所以D的agreement正確。原句說人與人之間的關系非常和諧，他們聽他們領導的話，通過什么實現自律并盡量減小貧富差距，減小差距就是為了求得某種一致，所以答案是agreement。A權威，B責任，C習慣，都不靠譜。

7.EXCEPT題，排除法。A與倒數第二句的entrepreneurial skill同義替換，正確，不選;B與倒數第二句的loyalty of one’s fellow同義替換，正確，不選;C在原文中無對應點，錯，選;D與倒數第二句的steady hard work同義替換，正確，不選。

8.原句的結構是在什么什么人當中，什么和什么很重要，在什么什么環境下。所以B正確。A混淆原文概念，原文說在當時的環境下只能靠promise形成商業網絡，人們和認識的人做生意，不是人們靠promise做生意;C錯，原文說沒有regulation，C說反;D錯，因為only原文從來沒說過。

9.ethic道德規范，倫理，所以A正確。原文說商人和工匠們不能忍受moral superiority，更喜歡open market的什么，既然不喜歡moral superiority，那么他們喜歡的東西也應該跟道德有關，所以答案是A，而B勞力分工C經濟體系和D性格測試完全不靠譜。

10.以many other people做關鍵詞定位至最后一句，說如果不滿意當地的商業環境，中東商人會像游牧民族一樣遷移到其他地方，這是其他人做不到的，所以答案是D。

11.intrinsically本質的，內部的，固有的，所以答案A正確。原句說盡管中部的國家很富裕而且人口稠密，但他們是怎么樣脆弱的，由于新的國際貿易路線可以決定金融資本所在的地方，并且能夠侵蝕國家的力量，都能侵蝕了，所以應該是脆弱的，但前文又說人口密集并且富裕，所以這些都是表象，所以答案是A的fundamentallly基礎;B吃驚C結果D特別都沒反應這種內外的差別，所以都不對。

12.修辭目的題，先把本句讀清楚，說新的國際貿易路線可以決定金融資本所在的地方，并且能夠侵蝕國家的力量，接著就說就像達伽馬發現了新航路之后歐洲人繞過了中東，所以說達伽馬的事兒是為了證明航線的發現能夠削弱國家的力量，所以答案是B。

13.兩個過渡點，連詞for one thing和名詞finished goods，既然是for one thing，就應該放在比較靠前的位置上，所以A或者B有可能，而放在A正好對應之前的several important 買粉絲nsequences;而且finished goods與原文當中的proction對應，所以A正確。

14.Persian選項是原文第一段中的一個細節，不選;Revenue選項與原文第三段最后一句說反，是貧富差距縮小，不是擴大，不選;Qualities選項對應第四段，正確;As選項與原文第三段第一句相反，不選;Crafts選項對應原文第二段和第三段的最后一句，

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