05 分析美國的國際貿易地理環境(國際貿易地理自考重點)

國工業化的發展，但這也并不是在任何情況下都會發生的，這需要一定的條件，其實貿易自由化也可以促進工業化的發展。帕格和維納布爾斯(1997)首次對貿易自由化促進工業化發展的可能性進行了研究，指出單邊自由貿易政策與進口補貼雖然在吸引外資的效果上較為接近，但是前者能夠產生更高的經濟福利。

鮑德溫和福斯里德(2002)詳細分析了自由貿易協定所帶來的經濟影響，他們指出全球經濟自由化有利于大國而不利于小國。在多邊自由化過程中，最小的國家首先失去其所有工業，隨著自由化的推進，其他國家依市場規模小于平均市場規模的程度，依次變為“邊緣”國家。當貿易完全自由化時，所有工業將集中于市場規模最大的國家。如果這些國家之間取消貿易壁壘，就會形成很大的市場，從而引起投資創造和投資轉移效應。而自由貿易協定的成立會使成員國的居民實際收入增加，非成員國的經濟利益受損。而貿易集團的形成，也會產生一種自我強化的作用，從而導致一種“多米諾”效應，導致貿易自由化向全世界逐步擴散。

【參考文獻】

[1] 藤田昌久、保羅・克魯格曼、安東尼・J・維納布爾斯著，梁琦主譯：空間經濟學――城市、區域與國際貿易[M].中國人民大學出版社，2005.

[2] 保羅・克魯格曼著，張兆杰譯：貿易與地理[M].北京大學出版社，2000.

[3] 安虎森：空間經學原理[M].經濟科學出版社，2005.

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