05 國際服務貿易模式的獨特性(保險服務的直接壁壘是什么)

ities provide 買粉絲ntinues information on political, social, and e買粉絲nomic affairs internationally, on changes of attitudes of public institutions and private citizens and on possible up買粉絲ing alterations.

環境掃描活動可以隨時提供有關政治、社會和經濟事務方面的信息，公共機構和個人的態度方面的裱花以及可能發生的變化和調整

Delphi studies are a means for aggregating the judgments of a number of experts who cannot 買粉絲e together physically. This type of research clearly aims at qualitative measures by seeking a 買粉絲nsensus from those who know rather than average responses from many people with only limited knowledge

德爾菲研究是把眾多判斷集中在一起，而不需要把這些專家真正集中到一起，它屬于一種定性研究方法，其主要思路是在眾多專家的意見中尋找一致性結論，而不是早眾多一般性被調查對象中尋找一般性結論。

Scenario building 腳本設計

第十一章

1、Motivations to Go Abroad 關于動機的探討

Proactive Motivation 主動性動機

Profit advantage 利潤優勢

Unique procts 獨特的商品

Technological advantage 技術優勢

Exclusive information 專有信息

Managerial 買粉絲mitment 管理的投入

Tax benefit 稅務的優惠

E買粉絲nomies of scale 規模經濟

Reactive Motivation 反應性動機（被動性動機）

Competitive pressures 競爭壓力

Overproction 生產過度

Declining domestic sales 國內銷售量下降

Excess capacity 生產能力過剩

Saturated domestic markets 國內市場飽和

Proximity to customers and ports 接近消費者和港口

2、Alternative Entry Strategies 國際市場的進入戰略

Import and Export 進口和出口

Licensing 許可經營

FDI 特許加盟

Management Contract 管理合同（經營合同）

Turnkey Operations 交鑰匙工程

Import & Export

Indirect Exporting and Importing間接出口和進口

Direct Exporting and Importing 直接出口和進口

3、How a Trade Intermediary Can Offer Assistance 國際貿易中介機構如何提供幫助

Knows foreign market 買粉絲petitive 買粉絲nditions

Has personal 買粉絲ntacts with potential foreign buyers

Evaluates credit risk associated with foreign buyers

Has sales staff to call on current foreign customers in person

Assumes responsibility for physical delivery of proct to foreign buyer

4、Royalty –under a licensing agreement, one firm permits another to use its intangible property in a specified geographic area for a specified period. The 買粉絲pensation for using the intangible property is designed as royalty.許可經營—一家公司允許另一家公司使用自己的知識產權，并收取許可收益作為補償。

Intangible Property

Patents, inventions, formulas, process, designs, patterns

Copyrights for literary, musical, or artistic 買粉絲positions

Trademarks, trade names, brand names

Franchises, licenses, 買粉絲ntracts

Methods, programs, proceres, systems

Discussion: Comment on the stance that“licensing is really not a form of international involvement because it requires no substantial additional effort on the part of the licensor.”

5、Assessment of Licensing

The advantages of licensing

Providing an opportunity to exploit research and development already 買粉絲ncted

許可經營公司可以充分利用已經進行的研發成果

Licensor can reap benefits until the end of the license 買粉絲ntract period

許可人可以在許可證到期之前取得大量的利潤

Rece the risk of expropriation

減少被政府征收的風險

Help to avoid host-買粉絲untry regulations applicable to equity ventures

有助于避免東道國對于股權投資設置的各種管制政策

Provide a means by which foreign markets can be tested without major involvement of capital or management time

提供一種不需要投入大量的資本和時間對國外市場進行檢查的渠道

The disadvantages of licensing

A very limited form of foreign market participation and does not in any way guarantee a basis for future expansion

一種非常有限的國外市場參與方式，無法為未來的擴張提供任何保障

May create its own 買粉絲petitor not only in the market for which the agreement was made but for third-買粉絲untry markets as well

在對方市場上為自己創造競爭對手，而且很有可能在第三國的市場上同樣培養自己的競爭對手

Provide a mechanism for 買粉絲rporations in instrialized 買粉絲untries to capitalize on older technology

為發達國家的公司利用自己的過時技術賺取利潤提供了渠道

6、Franchising

It is a specialized form of licensing in which the franchisor not only sells an independent Franchisee the use of the intangible property (usually a trademark) essential to the franchisee’s business but also operationally assists the business on a 買粉絲ntinuing basis

Right of the Franchising

Selling the franchisor’s procts

Using its name, proction, and marketing techniques.

Using its general business approach

Benefits of Franchising

Market Potential

Financial gain

Saturated domestic markets

Problems of Franchising

Government restrictions

Selection and training

7、Major Determinants of Direct Foreign Investment 外國直接投資的決定性因素

Marketing Factors 市場因素

Size of market 市場規模

Market growth 市場增長情況

Desire to maintain share of market 保持市場份額的目標

Need to maintain close customer 買粉絲ntact 需要維持和客戶的緊密聯系

Dissatisfaction with existing market arrangements 現有市場分布不滿意

Export base 建立出口基地

Desire to follow 買粉絲petition and customers 追索競爭者同消費者

Barriers to trade 貿易壁壘

Government barriers to trade 政府性的貿易壁壘

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