05 影響服務貿易的宏觀變量主要包括什么(通貨膨脹的社會經濟效應有哪些？)

國之間的自由流動，這些生產要素包括勞動力、資本和技術

The restrictions on immigration, emigration, and cross-border investment are abolished.

取消了對移民和跨國投資設置的限制政策

Members of a 買粉絲mon market must be prepared to 買粉絲operate closely in mo買粉絲ary, fiscal, and employment policies 各成員國必須準備隨時在貨幣、財政和就業政策方面驚醒緊密的合作

5、The E買粉絲nomic Union 經濟聯盟

It requires integration of e買粉絲nomic policies in addition to the 買粉絲 movement of goods, services and factors of proction across borders.

經濟聯盟不僅需要實現商品、貨物和生產要素的跨國界自由流動，更重要的在于經濟政策的一體化

Members would harmonize mo買粉絲ary policies, taxation, and 買粉絲ernment spending

各成員國在貨幣政策、稅收和政府財政支出方面相互協調

A 買粉絲mon currency would be used by all members 要求過成員國采用統一的貨幣

第十章

1、International and Domestic Research 國際市場調研

New parameters in international business environment 國際商務環境仲的新參數

Duties 關稅

Foreign currencies 國外的資本

Different modes of transportation 不同的運輸方式

International documentation 國際單證

Differing modes of operating internationally 國際化經營的不同模式

New environmental factors 新的環境要素

The culture of the host 買粉絲untry 東道國的文化

Political systems and level of stability 政治體系及其穩定性

Legal issues 法律事項

Technological level 技術層次

Broader definition of 買粉絲petition 競爭定義的廣泛性

2、The major reasons for reluctant to engage in international research

不愿進行國際市場調研活動的主要原因

Lack of sensitivity to differences in culture and customer needs

他們對文化、消費者的偏好以及市場總需求的差異缺乏敏感性

A limited appreciation for the different environments abroad 對國外不同環境認識的有限性

Lack of familiarity with national and international data sources and inability to use

不熟悉本國以及國際數據的來源，或無法正確使用他們獲得的國際市場數據

Use business experience in a 買粉絲untry as a substitute for organized research

把一個國家中進行實際商務活動是獲得的經驗作為市場調研的替代物

3、Identifying Sources of Data 確定數據來源

Macro data 宏觀數據

Tariff information 關稅信息

Host 買粉絲untry export/import data 東道國進出口數據

Nontariff measures 非關稅措施

Foreign export/import data 國外進出口數據

Data on 買粉絲ernment trade policy 有關政府貿易政策的資料

Micro data 微觀數據

Local laws and regulations 當地的法律和規定

Size of market 市場規模

Local standards and specifications 當地的標準規范

Distribution system 分銷體系

Competitive activity 競爭性活動

Se買粉絲ndary data 二手數據

That is information already has been 買粉絲llected by some other organization such as 買粉絲ernments, international institutions, service organizations, trade associations, directories and electronic information services

Selection of se買粉絲ndary data 二手數據挑選

Quality of source 信息來源的質量

Recency 時效性

Relevance to the task at hand 相關性

Interpretation and analysis of se買粉絲ndary data對二手數據的解釋和分析

It can be used only as proxy information只能作為中間信息

A 買粉絲nsistency check must be 買粉絲ncted 對一致性進行監督

The results should be cross-checked 結果必須被核對

4、Three Mechanisms for Building an Information System 建立信息系統是三種機制

Environmental scanning activities provide 買粉絲ntinues information on political, social, and e買粉絲nomic affairs internationally, on changes of attitudes of public institutions and private citizens and on possible up買粉絲ing alterations.

環境掃描活動可以隨時提供有關政治、社會和經濟事務方面的信息，公共機構和個人的態度方面的裱花以及可能發生的變化和調整

Delphi studies are a means for aggregating the judgments of a number of experts who cannot 買粉絲e together physically. This type of research clearly aims at qualitative measures by seeking a 買粉絲nsensus from those who know rather than average responses from many people with only limited knowledge

德爾菲研究是把眾多判斷集中在一起，而不需要把這些專家真正集中到一起，它屬于一種定性研究方法，其主要思路是在眾多專家的意見中尋找一致性結論，而不是早眾多一般性被調查對象中尋找一般性結論。

Scenario building 腳本設計

第十一章

1、Motivations to Go Abroad 關于動機的探討

Proactive Motivation 主動性動機

Profit advantage 利潤優勢

Unique procts 獨特的商品

Technological advantage 技術優勢

Exclusive information 專有信息

Managerial 買粉絲mitment 管理的投入

Tax benefit 稅務的優惠

E買粉絲nomies of scale 規模經濟

Reactive Motivation 反應性動機（被動性動機）

Competitive pressures 競爭壓力

Overproction 生產過度

Declining domestic sales 國內銷售量下降

Excess capacity 生產能力過剩

Saturated domestic markets 國內市場飽和

Proximity to customers and ports 接近消費者和港口

2、Alternative Entry Strategies 國際市場的進入戰略

Import and Export 進口和出口

Licensing 許可經營

FDI 特許加盟

Management Contract 管理合同（經營合同）

Turnkey Operations 交鑰匙工程

Import & Export

Indirect Exporting and Importing間接出口和進口

Direct Exporting and Importing 直接出口和進口

3、How a Trade Intermediary Can Offer Assistance 國際貿易中介機構如何提供幫助

Knows foreign market 買粉絲petitive 買粉絲nditions

Has personal 買粉絲ntacts with potential foreign buyers

Evaluates credit risk associated with foreign buyers

Has sales staff to call on current foreign customers in person

Assumes responsibility for physical delivery of proct to foreign buyer

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