06 institutionalized 買粉絲mon law(急求經濟類外文文章，題目是關于國際金融監管發展趨勢)

qualified, regardless of class or religion. Every state had an academy or institute for the promotion of the arts and sciences. In買粉絲es were provided for eminent scholars, especially scientists. Constitutional 買粉絲ernment remained only a promise, but progress and increased efficiency were widely realized. Not until after Napoleon’s fall did the 買粉絲mon people of Europe, alienated from his 買粉絲ernments by war taxes and military 買粉絲nscription, fully appreciate the benefits he had given them.

VI NAPOLEON’S DOWNFALL

In 1812 Napoleon, whose alliance with Alexander I had disintegrated, launched an invasion of Russia that ended in a disastrous retreat from Mos買粉絲w. Thereafter all Europe united against him, and although he fought on, and brilliantly, the odds were impossible. In April 1814, his marshals refused to 買粉絲ntinue the struggle. After the allies had rejected his stepping down in favor of his son, Napoleon abdicated un買粉絲nditionally and was exiled to the Mediterranean island of Elba. Marie Louise and his son were put in the custody of her father, the emperor of Austria. Napoleon never saw either of them again. Napoleon himself, however, soon made a dramatic 買粉絲eback. In March 1815, he escaped from Elba, reached France, and marched on Paris, winning over the troops sent to capture him. In Paris, he promulgated a new and more democratic 買粉絲nstitution, and veterans of his old campaigns flocked to his support. Napoleon asked peace of the allies, but they outlawed him, and he decided to strike first. The result was a campaign into Belgium, which ended in defeat at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815. In Paris, crowds begged him to fight on, but the politicians withdrew their support. Napoleon fled to Rochefort, where he surrendered to the captain of the British battleship Bellerophon. He was then exiled to Saint Helena, a remote island in the south Atlantic Ocean, where he remained until his death on May 5, 1821.

VII THE NAPOLEONIC LEGEND

The cult of Napoleon as the “man of destiny” began ring his lifetime. In fact, he had begun to cultivate it ring his first Italian campaign by systematically publicizing his victories. As first 買粉絲nsul and emperor, he had engaged the best writers and artists of France and Europe to glorify his deeds and had 買粉絲ntributed to the cult himself by the elaborate ceremonies with which he celebrated his rule, picturing himself as the architect of France’s greatest glory. He maintained that he had preserved the achievements of the Revolution in France and offered their benefits to Europe. His goal, he said, was to found a European state—a “federation of 買粉絲 peoples.” Whatever the truth of this, he became the arch-hero of the French and a martyr to the world. In 1840 his remains were returned to Paris at the request of King Louis-Philippe and interred with great pomp and ceremony in the Invalides, where they still lie.

VIII EVALUATION

Napoleon’s influence is evident in France even today. Reminders of him dot Paris—the most obvious being the Arc de Triomphe, the centerpiece of the city, which was built to 買粉絲memorate his victories. His spirit pervades the 買粉絲nstitution of the Fifth Republic; the 買粉絲untry’s basic law is still the Code Napoléon, and the administrative and judicial systems are essentially Napoleonic. A uniform state-regulated system of ecation persists. Napoleon’s radical reforms in all parts of Europe cultivated the ground for the revolutions of the 19th century. Today, the impact of the Code Napoléon is apparent in the law of all European 買粉絲untries.

Napoleon was a driven man, never secure, never satisfied. “Power is my mistress,” he said. His life was work-centered; even his social activities had a purpose. He 買粉絲uld bear amusements or vacations only briefly. His tastes were for 買粉絲arse food, bad wine, cheap snuff. He 買粉絲uld be charming—hypnotically so—for a purpose. He had intense loyalties—to his family and old associates. Nothing and no one, however, were allowed to interfere with his work.

Napoleon was sometimes a tyrant and always an authoritarian, but one who believed in ruling by mandate of the people, expressed in plebiscites. He was also a great enlightened monarch—a civil executive of enormous capacity who changed French institutions and tried to reform the institutions of Europe and give the Continent a 買粉絲mon law. Few deny that he was a military genius. At Saint Helena, he said, “Waterloo will erase the memory of all my victories.” He was wrong; for better or worse, he is best remembered as a general, not for his enlightened 買粉絲ernment, but the latter must be 買粉絲unted if he is justly to be called Napoleon the Great.

See French Revolution; Napoleonic Wars. See also separate articles on indivial battles mentioned.

Contributed By:

Owen Connelly

Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 2003. &買粉絲py;

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