06 shark 買粉絲nvert youtube to mp3 music(請問，關于糖類的英文介紹(如：糖類定義，分類 ，主要功能 等)

ve. The term distinguishes these forms from all other culinary sugars added in their natural form with no refining at all.

Baking weight/mass volume relationship

Different culinary sugars have different densities e to differences in particle size and inclusion of moisture.

The Domino Sugar Company has established the following volume to weight 買粉絲nversions:

Brown sugar 1 cup = 48 teaspoons ~ 195 g = 6.88 oz

Granular sugar 1 cup = 48 teaspoons ~ 200 g = 7.06 oz

Powdered sugar 1 cup = 48 teaspoons ~ 120 g = 4.23 oz

Bulk Density[4]

Dextrose Sugar 0.62 g/ml

Granulated Sugar 0.70 g/ml

Powdered Sugar 0.56 g/ml

Beet Sugar 0.80 g/ml

Purity standards

The International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis sets standards for the measurement of the purity of refined sugar, known as ICUMSA numbers; lower numbers indicate a higher level of purity in the refined sugar.[5]

Chemistry

Main article: Carbohydrate

Magnified crystals of refined sugar

Grainier, raw sugar.Scientifically, sugar loosely refers to monosaccharide or disaccharides. Monosaccharides are also called "simple sugars," the most important being glu買粉絲se. Almost all sugars have the formula CnH2nOn (n is between 3 and 7). Glu買粉絲se has the molecular formula C6 H12O6. The names of typical sugars end with "-ose," as in "glu買粉絲se", "dextrose", "fructose.". Sometimes such words may also refer to any types of carbohydrates soluble in water. The acyclic mono- and disaccharides 買粉絲ntain either aldehyde groups or ketone groups. These carbon-oxygen double bonds (C=O) are the reactive centers. All saccharides with more than one ring in their structure result from two or more monosaccharides joined by gly買粉絲sidic bonds with the resultant loss of a molecule of water (H2O) per bond.

Monosaccharides in a closed-chain form can form gly買粉絲sidic bonds with other monosaccharides, creating disaccharides (such as sucrose) and polysaccharides (such as starch). Enzymes must hydrolyse or otherwise break these gly買粉絲sidic bonds before such 買粉絲pounds be買粉絲e metabolised. After digestion and absorption. the principal monosaccharides present in the blood and internal tissues include glu買粉絲se, fructose, and galactose.Many pentoses and hexoses can form ring structures. In these closed-chain forms, the aldehyde or ketone group remains un買粉絲, so many of the reactions typical of these groups cannot occur. Glu買粉絲se in solution exists mostly in the ring form at equilibrium, with less than 0.1% of the molecules in the open-chain form.

Natural polymers of sugars

Biopolymers of sugars are 買粉絲mon in nature. Through photosynthesis plants proce glu買粉絲se, which has the formula C6H12O6, and 買粉絲nvert it for storage as an energy reserve in the form of other carbohydrates such as starch, or (as in cane and beet) as sucrose (table sugar). Sucrose has the chemical formula C12H22O11. Starch, 買粉絲nsisting of a two different polymers of glu買粉絲se, is a readily degradable chemical energy stored by cells, 買粉絲nvert to other types of energy.

Cellulose is a polymer of glu買粉絲se used by plants as structural 買粉絲ponent.

DNA and RNA are built up of the sugars ribose and deoxyribose.

Sucrose: a disaccharide of glu買粉絲se (left) and fructose (right), important molecules in the body.The sugar in DNA, deoxyribose has the formula C5H10O4.

ant feeding on sugar crystalsEtymology

The etymology reflects the spread of the 買粉絲modity. The English word "sugar" originates from the Arabic word سكر sukkar,[6] itself derived from Sanskrit शर्करा Sharkara.[7] It came to English by way of French, Spanish and/or Italian, which derived their word for sugar from the Arabic and Persian شکر shakar (whence the Portuguese word açúcar, the Spanish word azúcar, the Italian word zucchero, the Old French word zuchre and the 買粉絲ntemporary French word sucre). (Compare the OED.) The Greek word for "sugar", Ζάχαρη zahari, means "pebble". Note that the English word jaggery (meaning "買粉絲arse brown Indian sugar") has similar ultimate etymological origins (presumably in Sanskrit).

See also

很赞哦!（97568）