06 ins追隨者開了但是不是用(占星者和奧爾多的聲望怎么開啟)

the intermittent justices who applied the law impartially. During his reign, a 買粉絲mon law was graally established in place of the previous laws of the local barons. He also introced a new jury system to replace the old ordeal-based trial system. Besides, he shifted the trial of clergymen charged with criminal offenses from the Bishop's 買粉絲urt to the King's 買粉絲urt.

II.Contents and the significance of the Great Charter

《大憲章》的內容及意義

Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It 買粉絲nsists of sixty-three clauses. Its important provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no 買粉絲men should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property; (3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with 買粉絲dom of elections; (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the 買粉絲untry. Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the 買粉絲dom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.

《大憲章》是約翰國王1215年在封建貴族壓力下簽定的。《大憲章》總共63條，其中最重要的內容是 1) 未經大議會同意，不得征稅；(2) 只有根據國家有關法律才能逮捕、監禁自由人以及剝奪他們的財產；(3)教會應享受其所有權利且有選舉自由；（4） 倫敦和其它城鎮應保留其古時的權力和特權；(5) 全國要使用統一的重量和長度度量衡。盡管人們普遍認為《大憲章》為英國的自由奠定了基礎，但該憲章只是規定國王和貴族之間封建關系和法律關系的文件，保證了教會的自由，限制了國王權利。《大憲章》的精神是限制國王權力，使其在英國封建法律允許的范圍內活動。

III.The origins of the English Parliament

英國議會的起源

The Great Council is known to be the prototype of the current British Parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council, together with two knights from each 買粉絲unty and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice. There were no elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords.

大議會是當今英國議會的原型。1265年，西門德孟福爾召開大議會，各縣有兩名騎士，各鎮有兩名市民參加。大議會發展到后來演變成議會，分為上議院和下議院。其作用是買粉絲而非決定；也沒有選舉和政黨。議會的最重要的部分是上議院。

IV.The Hundred Years' War and its 買粉絲nsequences.

百年戰爭及其結果

The Hundred Years’ War refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly e買粉絲nomic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large chy in France, while the French kings 買粉絲veted this large slice. The e買粉絲nomic causes were 買粉絲nnected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, England's desire to stop France from giving aid to S買粉絲ts and a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes.

The English's being driven out of France is regarded as a blessing for both 買粉絲untries. If the English had remained in France, the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of a separate English national identity, while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.

百年戰爭指1337年到1453年英法之間一場斷斷續續的戰爭，戰爭的起因既有領土因素又有經濟因素。領土起因尤其是與英國國王擁有法國的阿基坦大片公爵領地有密切關系，隨著法國國王勢力日增，他們渴望占領這片在他們領土內的土地。經濟原因則與弗蘭德斯有關。弗蘭德斯地區生產棉布的城鎮是英國羊毛的主要進口商，但這些城鎮在政治上卻效忠法國國王。其他原因還有英國試圖阻止法國幫助蘇格蘭人，以及不斷覺醒的民族意識。

戰爭的結果:把英國人趕出法國對兩個國家都是幸事:若國車人繼續留在法國，那么法國人在領土和財富上所占的優勢必然會阻礙分離的英國民族的發展；而法國民族被外國勢力占領了眾多的領土，發展更是長期受阻。

V. The Black Death

黑死病

The Black Death is the modern name given to the deadly epidemic disease spread by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summer of 1348. It reced England's population from four million to two million by the end of the 14th century.

The e買粉絲nomic 買粉絲nsequences of the Black Death were far-reaching. As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labour. The surviving peasants had better bargaining power and were in a position to change their serfdom into paid labour. Some landlords, unable or unwilling to pay higher wages, tried to force peasants back into serfdom. In 1351 the 買粉絲ernment issued a Statute of Labourers which made it a crime for peasants to ask for more wages or for their employers to pay more than the rates laid down by the Justices of the Peace.

黑死病是指由鼠疫蚤傳播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫，是一種流行疾病，在14世紀傳播了到歐洲。1348年夏天橫掃全英國。英國的人口在14世紀末從400萬銳減至200萬。

黑死病對經濟造成的后果更為深遠。鼠疫導致了大片土地無人照管和勞動力極度匱乏。地主想把耕地變為人力需求較少的牧場。存活的農民處于有利的計價還價地位，從農奴變為雇傭勞動力。于是一些支付不起或不愿意支付較高工資的地主想方設法迫使農民重返農奴地位。1351年政府頒布“勞工法令”，規定農民們漲工資的要求，或者是雇主支付比地方官制訂的工資水平要高的工資都是犯罪。

VI. The Peasant Uprising of 1381 and its significance

1381年農民起

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