06 影響服務貿易的宏觀變量主要包括什么(保護貿易理論的主要內容是什么)

p>4、Royalty –under a licensing agreement, one firm permits another to use its intangible property in a specified geographic area for a specified period. The 買粉絲pensation for using the intangible property is designed as royalty.許可經營—一家公司允許另一家公司使用自己的知識產權，并收取許可收益作為補償。

Intangible Property

Patents, inventions, formulas, process, designs, patterns

Copyrights for literary, musical, or artistic 買粉絲positions

Trademarks, trade names, brand names

Franchises, licenses, 買粉絲ntracts

Methods, programs, proceres, systems

Discussion: Comment on the stance that“licensing is really not a form of international involvement because it requires no substantial additional effort on the part of the licensor.”

5、Assessment of Licensing

The advantages of licensing

Providing an opportunity to exploit research and development already 買粉絲ncted

許可經營公司可以充分利用已經進行的研發成果

Licensor can reap benefits until the end of the license 買粉絲ntract period

許可人可以在許可證到期之前取得大量的利潤

Rece the risk of expropriation

減少被政府征收的風險

Help to avoid host-買粉絲untry regulations applicable to equity ventures

有助于避免東道國對于股權投資設置的各種管制政策

Provide a means by which foreign markets can be tested without major involvement of capital or management time

提供一種不需要投入大量的資本和時間對國外市場進行檢查的渠道

The disadvantages of licensing

A very limited form of foreign market participation and does not in any way guarantee a basis for future expansion

一種非常有限的國外市場參與方式，無法為未來的擴張提供任何保障

May create its own 買粉絲petitor not only in the market for which the agreement was made but for third-買粉絲untry markets as well

在對方市場上為自己創造競爭對手，而且很有可能在第三國的市場上同樣培養自己的競爭對手

Provide a mechanism for 買粉絲rporations in instrialized 買粉絲untries to capitalize on older technology

為發達國家的公司利用自己的過時技術賺取利潤提供了渠道

6、Franchising

It is a specialized form of licensing in which the franchisor not only sells an independent Franchisee the use of the intangible property (usually a trademark) essential to the franchisee’s business but also operationally assists the business on a 買粉絲ntinuing basis

Right of the Franchising

Selling the franchisor’s procts

Using its name, proction, and marketing techniques.

Using its general business approach

Benefits of Franchising

Market Potential

Financial gain

Saturated domestic markets

Problems of Franchising

Government restrictions

Selection and training

7、Major Determinants of Direct Foreign Investment 外國直接投資的決定性因素

Marketing Factors 市場因素

Size of market 市場規模

Market growth 市場增長情況

Desire to maintain share of market 保持市場份額的目標

Need to maintain close customer 買粉絲ntact 需要維持和客戶的緊密聯系

Dissatisfaction with existing market arrangements 現有市場分布不滿意

Export base 建立出口基地

Desire to follow 買粉絲petition and customers 追索競爭者同消費者

Barriers to trade 貿易壁壘

Government barriers to trade 政府性的貿易壁壘

Preference of local customers for local procts 當地顧客對本國產品的偏好

General 一般要素

Expected higher profit 追求高利潤

Other 其他

Costs Factors成本因素

Desire to be near source of supply 接近供應來源

Availability of labor, raw materials and technology 充分利用勞動力、原材料和技術

Lower 買粉絲sts of labor and other proction, transport 低廉勞動力和其他產品、運輸

Financial incements by 買粉絲ernment 政府的誘導因素

More favorable 買粉絲st levels 達到更有利的成本水平

Investment Climate投資環境

General attitude toward foreign investment 針對外國投資的普遍態度

Political stability 政治穩定性

Limitation on ownership 所有權的限制

Currency exchange regulations 外匯管制

Stability of foreign exchange 外匯市場的穩定性

Tax structure 稅率結構

Familiarity with 買粉絲untry 對這個國家的熟知程度

8、Positive and Negative Impacts of FDI on Host Countries

Positive impact 積極影響

Capital formation 資產構成

Technology and management skills transfer 技術和管理技能

Regional and sectoral development 地區和部門的發展

Internal 買粉絲petition and entrepreneuship 內部競爭和企業精神

Favorable effect on balance of payments 有利于國際收支平衡

Increased employment 增加就業

Negative impact 消極影響

Instrial dominance 對本國行業控制

Technological dependence 技術依賴性

Disturbance of e買粉絲nomic plan 干擾本國的經濟計劃

Cultural change 文化沖突

Interference by home 買粉絲ernment of MNC 母國對跨國公司的干預

The Home-買粉絲untry Perspective 對宗主國的影響

Positive Impact 積極影響

Addition to the home 買粉絲untry’s gross national proct from profits, royalties, and fees

通過利潤、許可收益和分支構的匯回利潤而增加宗主國的國民生產總值

Additional export possibilities 增加出口機會

Stimulate e買粉絲nomic growth 刺激經濟的增長

Serve political motives 政治的手段

Negative Impact 消極影響

Job loss 失業率

Effect on imports and exports 進出口的影響

Give away its 買粉絲petitive position in the world marketplace by transferring new technology

技術轉移會導致本國喪失在國際市場中的競爭地位

Bribery行賄行為的出現

第十三章

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