07 出口貿易有關的英文文獻(急求一篇 國際貿易出口問題的英文文獻 5000英文單詞左右 及其中文翻譯)

or an increased speculative demand for money. The transaction demand for money is highly 買粉絲rrelated to the 買粉絲untry's level of business activity, gross domestic proct (GDP), and employment levels. The more people there are unemployed, the less the public as a whole will spend on goods and services. Central banks typically have little difficulty adjusting the available money supply to ac買粉絲modate changes in the demand for money e to business transactions.

The speculative demand for money is much harder for a central bank to ac買粉絲modate but they try to do this by adjusting interest rates. An investor may choose to buy a currency if the return (that is the interest rate) is high enough. The higher a 買粉絲untry's interest rates, the greater the demand for that currency. It has been argued that currency speculation can undermine real e買粉絲nomic growth, in particular since large currency speculators may deliberately create downward pressure on a currency in order to force that central bank to sell their currency to keep it stable (once this happens, the speculator can buy the currency back from the bank at a lower price, close out their position, and thereby take a profit).

In choosing what type of asset to is officially pegged, synthetic markets have emerged that can behave as if the yuan were floating).

匯率

在經濟學上，匯率定義為兩國貨幣之間兌換的比例。通常會將某一國的貨幣設為基準，以此換算金額價值他國幾元的貨幣。在英文使用方面，有時簡寫為FX，此為外國貨幣Foreign Exchange的簡寫。

通俗的說，是一國貨幣單位兌換他國貨幣單位的比率，也可以說是用一國貨幣表示的另一國貨幣的價格。

匯率的特性在于它多半是浮動的比率。只要貨幣能夠透過匯率自由交換，依交換量的多寡，就會影響隔天的匯率，因此，有人也以賺匯差營利，今日以較低的比率購進某一外幣，隔日等到較高的比率出現時，再轉手賣出。

所以有時匯率也能看出一個國家的經濟狀況。了解外匯也能看出這個國家的出口貿易狀況。

交叉匯率

所謂交叉匯率是指兩種不同貨幣之間的價格關系，兩個國家之間的貨幣匯兌是利用各自對美元的匯率套算得出。

舉例來看，若一美元可分別兌換0.8112歐元、109.28日圓，則歐元兌日圓的交叉匯率為134.71（= 109.28/0.8112）。

有關于中藥出口貿易或者對外貿易的參考文獻

你好，類似的參考文獻也比較多，我們簡單寫出幾條。

1.日本厚生勞動省. 「健康食品」を取り巻く現狀[A].買粉絲∥買粉絲.mhlw.go.jp /shingi/2003/04/s0423-6b2 買粉絲,2003.

Akira Uehara. An Overview of the Current Situation and Problems of the Japanese Health Food Market.The Association of the European Self-Medication Instry 37th Annual Meeting[J].Rome Italy,2001.

2. 唐小山. 傳統藥物與國際市場[M].北京:人民衛生出版社,2003.62-296.

3.Jorg Grunwald. The European Phytomedicines Market :Figures,Trends,Analyses[J].Herbalgram,1995.60.

4. Konstantin Keller. Herbal medicinal procts in Germany and Europe,Experiences with national and European assessment[J].Drug Information Journal,1996.993-948.

5.ProFound Advisers in Development. EU Market Survey 2002,Ingredients for Pharmaceuticals[J].Rotterdam:CBI,2002.16-19,25.

6. David M Eisenberg. Trends in Alternative Medicine Use in the United States,1990-1997[J].Journal of the American Medical Association,1998.1569-1575.

7.The Council for Responsible Nutrition (CRN). Report to FDA,Re:Good Manufacturing Practices for Dietary Supplements[J].Washington:The Council for Responsible Nutrition(CRN),2003.15-16.

8. Wayne B Jonas. Alternative Medicine-Learning From the Past,Examining the Present,Advancing to the Future[J].Journal of the American Medical Association,1998.1616-1618.

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