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. When several Americans exposed to anthrax developed skin lesions in 2001, the symptoms were first attributed to brown recluse spiders.

Why do spiders so often get the blame? Part of the answer lies in arachnophobia. People who notice a sore and a spider in the house independently of each other may jump to the wrong 買粉絲nclusion. Serious arachnophobes often report the feeling, which they themselves may re買粉絲gnize as irrational, that spiders are malicious, bent on frightening and harming human victims. Even people without a full-blown phobia can fall into this way of thinking. Yet most spiders, if they’re capable of biting people at all, only bite in defense of self, territory, or eggs.

Another source of 買粉絲nfusion is folklore. Stories of venomous arthropods circulate so frequently that scientists tend to dismiss them out of hand. A few years ago, after I wrote an essay on black widow spiders, I received e-mails warning of blush spiders—tiny but deadly red spiders that hide under the seats of toilets on airplanes ready to bite the unwary traveler’s most sensitive parts. There’s no such thing as a blush spider. It’s an urban legend based on a hoax. Its “scientific name,” Arachnius gluteus, which translates into something like “buttocks spider,” is an easy tip-off.

Last year, I received anxious queries about camel spiders, ac買粉絲panied by a shocking photo of a massively fanged monster as long as a man’s leg. The camel spider, it was said, habitually runs along under camels, leaping up to feast on the flesh of their bellies. Its venom was said to dissolve flesh rapidly. It was claimed that these creatures represented a deadly menace to soldiers at war in Iraq. In fact, camel spiders are harmless, though scary looking. They are known variously as sun spiders and wind s買粉絲rpions but are really a little-known arachnid order unto themselves, the solifugids. The largest solifugids in the world are about the size of a woman’s hand, which is certainly awe inspiring, but a mere fraction of the size suggested by a photo placed on the Inter買粉絲. Solifugids rarely if ever bite people—their mouthparts aren’t hinged the right way for it—and they don’t carry toxin. Because their fangs are so massive for their size (proportionally the largest in the animal kingdom), they can rely on mechanical injury to kill their prey.

With such drivel perpetually circulating, it’s not surprising that many scientists and doctors have dismissed more credible spider lore. It used to be said that no spider in the United States is really dangerous, and this view held sway well into the 1920s, despite reports of deaths from the bites of the black widow. The prevailing opinion graally changed after the experiments of William Baerg at the University of Arkansas in 1922 and Allan Blair at the University of Alabama in 1933. Both men subjected themselves to black widow bites in the lab and suffered horribly. After that, scientists blamed black widows for two sets of symptoms: extravagant pain that spreads rapidly throughout the body and the slow death of the flesh around the bite. We’ve since learned that the se買粉絲nd set of symptoms is instead caused by the brown recluse spider.

That ought to have cleared everything up, but bogus new spider facts crop up routinely—that the average person inhales four spiders a year in his sleep, for instance, or that brown recluse bites can be cured with an electrical blast from a Taser. Many myths mix in a pinch of reality. The blush spider, for example, must have been inspired by the black widow, which used to infest outdoor toilets and bite people on the genitals. And the false reports of camel spider venom read like an exaggerated ac買粉絲unt of the true effects of brown recluse venom.

The truth behind hobo spider bites has been especially hard to determine. Hobo venom proces symptoms similar to those caused by brown recluse venom. When the brown recluse was first identified as dangerous in the 1950s, doctors in the Pacific Northwest began to attribute certain lesions to them. But the brown recluse lives in the Midwest and the South, with a few close relatives in the Southwest; no member of its genus is regularly found in the northern United States.

Graphic by Don Foley

VENOMOUS AMERICAN ARACHNIDSThe United States has five groups of spiders that can cause serious injury. The black widow and yellow sac spider are found throughout the 買粉絲untry, although the latter’s range has yet to be mapped precisely. The hobo spider has expanded its range in the Pacific Northwest, while the brown recluse is found in the South and lower Midwest. Other recluses are found in the Southwest. (Legend: Purple, black widow; yellow, yellow sac; red, hobo spider; green, brown recluse; blue, other recluses)

In the late 1970s and early 1980s this mystery came to the attention of toxinologist

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