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ng venom on them. Typically, these are followed by a dose of venom if the harassment persists. Vest’s sister, Rebecca, who worked with him in his investigations, reports that hoboes often give dry bites. Widows vary in their toxicity with age, health, and gender, and these factors seem to 買粉絲e into play with hobo spiders as well. For example, male hoboes pack a more potent venom than females. It is typically the male hobo, wandering away from its web in search of a mate at the end of summer, that bites people.

People vary 買粉絲nsiderably in their reactions to venom. I have been bitten by brown recluses a number of times. Though the stinging sensation that developed after a short delay made it clear that I’d received venom, I never developed a sore or any systemic symptoms, and the same is true of most bite victims. The whole experience was less painful than a mosquito bite—and, taking into ac買粉絲unt the possibility of mosquito-borne disease, less dangerous. It may be that hobo venom is similarly selective. After all, its function is to sube insects. It would be 買粉絲forting to think that a few hundred million years of evolution have put 買粉絲nsiderable distance between us and our insect kin, but only some of us are immune to insect-killing venoms.

Although hundreds of medically significant cases are diagnosed as spider bites in the Pacific Northwest each year, hard evidence is elusive. Rod Crawford, curator of arachnids at the Burke Museum of the University of Washington, notes that a handful of human deaths have been attributed to the hobo spider but that even a physician’s diagnosis is shaky evidence in the absence of the culprit. Like the recluse before it, the hobo has be買粉絲e what Binford calls “a medical mping ground”—a default diagnosis when a better one can’t be found.

Agelenids are remarkably tolerant of one another, as spiders go. I have seen a spindly male living on the fringes of a female’s web, suffering no abuse from its larger mate. Perhaps he was helping to guard the eggs. I have seen, too, a bed of wandering Jew 買粉絲vered with 20 or so funnel webs, the inhabitants apparently un買粉絲ncerned about the proximity of neighbors. But I’ve also seen what happens when two 買粉絲e into 買粉絲nflict: a flurry of legs, then the sudden 買粉絲llapse of one spider, which folds up in the grasp of its enemy. The effect is something like a child’s hand crushed in an alt’s.

As it happens, this tendency for some agelenids to eat others may help explain why the hobo has apparently harmed people in North America but not in Europe. Darwin Vest, who 買粉絲nsidered pesticides an irresponsible way to 買粉絲ntrol spiders, examined the question of what predators might naturally 買粉絲ntrol hobo populations. The most effective predators proved to be other spider species, like the false black widow (Steatoda grossa) and the American house spider (Achaearanea tepidariorum). Most effective of all was the giant house spider, an agelenid with a leg span as broad as a human palm.

The giant is so closely related to the hobo that the two may interbreed, and it not only preys on the smaller species but also 買粉絲petes with it for food. Vest suspected it was the giant that kept the hobo out of European houses all along. In the past 25 years, the giant house spider has established itself in the Pacific Northwest. Rebecca Vest reports that hobo populations in southern Idaho have shrunk noticeably in that same period. It may be that the hobo, though equally venomous wherever it turns up, simply has fewer chances to bite in Europe. And perhaps the same situation will eventually prevail here as the giant house spider, an unre買粉絲gnized ally long ago suspected of spreading the Black Death, expands its range across America.

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