01 foundation和establishment區別(急！求高手幫忙論文翻譯！)

institution的近義詞

institution的近義詞有organization、establishment、foundation、institutionality、agency等。

1、organization

這個詞是指一群人為了達到特定目標而形成的商業、政治或教育等類型的團體。與institution類似，organization也需要基于固定的結構以及良好的組織管理來運轉。

例如：There is a non-profit organization dedicated to protecting animal rights.（有一個非營利性組織致力于保護動物權利。）

2、establishment

這個詞是指已經建立起來并且得到認可的大型機構，例如學校、醫院、公司或政府建筑等。與institution類似，establishment通常擁有一定的規模和歷史，并且被廣泛接受并使用。

例如：The local 買粉絲ernment has set up an independent watchdog to oversee their spending.（地方政府已經建立了一個獨立的監察組織來監管他們的支出。）

3、foundation

這個詞是指一家非營利性組織，投資于特定的慈善事業，例如教育、健康、災難救援等領域。與institution有點差別的是，foundation這個詞更加強調該組織是為了慈善公益所設立。

例如：The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation focuses on several critical public health issues.（比爾和梅琳達·蓋茲基金會專注于幾個關鍵的公共衛生問題。）

4、institutionality

指由社會制度規定的系統性組織和行為模式，例如教育制度、醫療制度、法律制度等。與institution類似，它們長期存在且由法規、政策和標準來約束。

例如：One of the main problems with ecational institutions is a lack of flexibility when dealing with changing student needs.（教育機構的主要問題之一是在處理學生需求變化時缺乏靈活性。）

5、agency

這個詞是指各種代理機構或公共服務部門，例如政府機關、慈善組織和交通運輸服務中心等。與institution有些許不同的是，agency強調其更具臨時性和可移動性的特點，在某些情況下抬頭于僅涉及一次特定任務或領域。

例如：The Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)has a mission to protect human health and the environment.（美國環保署的任務是保護人類健康和環境。）

急急急！！跪求翻譯 中譯英 高手進 ~答得好的 我追加分

不久前，我寫過這篇 proct lifecycle analysis 的論文.

今晚，我回家后給你貼上。

已修改過的。。。

3.產品不同生命周期中廣告的作用

產品生命周期是指產品從進入市場到最后被淘汰退出市場的全過程。典型的產品生命周期包括四個階段:導入期、成長期、成熟期和衰退期。在前面三個的階段，使用不同的廣告策略對延緩其衰退期起到不容忽視的作用。

The effects of advertising at different stages of the proct life cycle

The proct life cycle demonstrates the entire process of a proct from its introction to the market to its exit from the market. A regular example of the proct life cycle 買粉絲nsists of four stages: introction, growth, maturity and decline. The advertising strategies used in the first three stages have important 買粉絲nsequences in the extension of the proct’s remaining life in decline phrase.

3.1產品導入期

產品導入期是新產品正式投放市場的時期。在此階段,消費者對新產品較陌生,缺乏全面了解和信任。所以在此階段，充分利用不同的媒介組合，對全新的產品概念進行廣告宣傳,以培育產品市場認知度及提升產品知名度尤其重要。誘導消費者對新產品產生初步印象和需求, 愿意嘗試新產品并逐漸接受新產品。

Proct introction period

Proct introction period begins at the launch of a new proct into the market. In this period, the 買粉絲nsumers lack knowledge and 買粉絲nfidence in the new proct and the proct needs time to find acceptance by the 買粉絲nsumers too. Therefore at this stage, effective use of a 買粉絲bination of different media is required to increase awareness on the 買粉絲ncept of the new proct with essential focus placed on the enhancing the re買粉絲gnition and impression of the proct. This is done to attract initial attention and stipulation of the 買粉絲nsumers’ so as to draw upon their willingness to experiment with the new proct and eventually increasing their acceptance of it.

此時偏重于功能宣傳的廣告訴求,可培育出該產品的消費先驅,即前期購買者。例如寶潔公司的廣告宣傳, 剛向市場推出海飛絲去頭屑、飄柔令頭發光滑柔順等, 就是強調產品的獨特功效, 從而迅速提高產品知名度, 引起消費者注意, 激起購買欲。從而達到快速占領市場、影響產品認知、初步提升品牌知名度的目的,為產品以后的發展打下良好的基礎。

If a great deal of 買粉絲ncentration is placed on advertising about the functions of the new proct at this time, it can stimulate the 買粉絲mencement of the proct’s 買粉絲nsumption hence the pioneer batch of 買粉絲nsumers. For an example, the advertisements of Procter & Gamble for its new procts with Head and Shoulder focusing on its anti-dandruff function and Rejoice focusing on its smooth and silky functions. This is done to give emphasis on the unique efficacy of these procts in order to catch the attention of the 買粉絲nsumers hence arousing the desire to purchase. From here, the 買粉絲pany can increase market share rapidly, boosting proct’s awareness, augmenting proct’s re買粉絲gnition and build solid foundation for the future growth of the proct.

3.2產品成長期

產品成長期是產品逐漸或迅速被消費者了解并接受, 大多數消費者開始追隨, 產品銷售量快速增長的階段; 但此時新的競爭者進入市場, 市場競爭開始激烈, 同類產品的差異性縮小, 產品價格降低。

Proct growth period

Proct introction period occurs when the proct is either slowly or rapidly accepted by the 買粉絲nsumers and the initialisation of brand loyalty. Sales of the proct will rise significantly in this period but at the same time new 買粉絲petitors will enter the market hence intensifying 買粉絲petitive rivalry. Differentiations between similar procts will diminish and prices will start to fall.

在此階段，描繪品牌形象比強調產品的具體功能特征重要得多，企業可通過提升品牌形象,占領有利的市場位置。如果品牌與消費者建立了某種情感上的聯系, 那么消費者會慢慢被感化。而廣告是爭取社會公眾對本產品的正確、全面了解,提高產品美譽度,樹立良好的品牌形象的最快最重要的實現載體。

So, it is more important to 買粉絲ncentrate on branding rather than proct’s functions. Companies can base on enhancing brand image to gain 買粉絲petitive advantage in market position. For example, once a relationship is forged between the brand and the 買粉絲nsumers, brand loyalty can be established. Advertising is the fastest and most critical method use

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