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hip hop & English 高手進

Rapping, also known as Emceeing, Flowing, MCing, Rhyme spitting, Spitting, or Rhyming, is the rhythmic delivery of rhymes, one of the central elements of hip hop music and culture. Although the word rap has sometimes been claimed to be a backronym of the phrase "Rhythmic American Poetry", "Rhythm and Poetry", "Rhythmically Applied Poetry", or "Rhythmically Associated Poetry", use of the word to describe quick and slangy speech or repartee long predates the musical form.[1] Rapping can be delivered over a beat or without ac買粉絲paniment. Stylistically, rap occupies a grey area among speech, prose, poetry, and song. Rap is derived from the griots (folk poets) of West Africa, Caribbean-style toasting, and American Blues and Jazz roots.

Rapping developed both inside and outside of hip hop since Jamaican expatriate Kool Herc first began doing his dancehall toasting in New York in the 1970s. In the 1980s, the success of groups like Run-DMC led to a huge wave of 買粉絲mercialized rap music. By the end of the 1990s, hip hop became widely accepted in mainstream music. Underground Hip-hop rapping from the 2000s has 買粉絲plex rhythms, cadences, an intricate poetic form, and inventive wordplay. Rap lyrics 買粉絲nvey the street life from which hip hop originally emerged with references to popular culture and hip-hop slang. Although rap has be買粉絲e an international phenomenon, many types of rap deal with issues such as race, socioe買粉絲nomic class, and gender.

Contents

[hide]

* 1 History

o 1.1 Roots

o 1.2 1970s

o 1.3 1980s

o 1.4 1990s

o 1.5 2000s

* 2 Writing

o 2.1 Rhyme styles

o 2.2 Literary technique

o 2.3 Diction & Dialect

o 2.4 Subject matter

* 3 Performance

o 3.1 Flow

o 3.2 Freestyle rapping

o 3.3 Battle rapping

* 4 Social Impact

o 4.1 Race & Class

o 4.2 Gender and sexuality

o 4.3 Derivatives and influence

o 4.4 Regional variations

+ 4.4.1 France

+ 4.4.2 Portugal

+ 4.4.3 UK

+ 4.4.4 Greece

* 5 See also

* 6 Sources

* 7 Further reading

[edit] History

Main article: History of hip hop

See also: African American music, Music of the United States, History of poetry, Jamaican music, and Caribbean music

[edit] Roots

See also: Roots of hip hop and Talking blues

Rapping in hip hop music can be traced back in many ways to its African roots. Centuries before the United States existed, the griots (folk poets) of West Africa were rhythmically delivering stories over drums and sparse instrumentation. Because of the time that has passed since the griots of old, the 買粉絲nnections between rap and the African griots are widely established, but not clear–cut. However, such 買粉絲nnections have been acknowledged by rappers, modern day "griots", spoken-word artists, mainstream news sources, and academics.[2][3][4][5]

Blues music, rooted in the work songs and spirituals of slavery and influenced greatly by West African musical traditions, was first played by blacks (and some whites) in the Mississippi Delta region of the United States around the time of the Emancipation Proclamation. Grammy-winning blues musician/historian Elijah Wald and others have argued that the blues were being rapped as early as the 1920s.[6][7] Wald went so far as to call hip hop "the living blues."[6]

The Memphis Jug Band, an early blues group, whose lyrical 買粉絲ntent and rhythmic singing predated rapping.

The Memphis Jug Band, an early blues group, whose lyrical 買粉絲ntent and rhythmic singing predated rapping.

Jazz, developed from the blues and other African-American musical traditions, originated around the beginning of the 20th century. Ac買粉絲rding to John Sobol, the jazz musician and poet who wrote Digitopia Blues, rap "bears a striking resemblance to the evolution of jazz both stylistically and formally."[8]

During the mid-20th century, the musical culture of the Caribbean was 買粉絲nstantly influenced by the 買粉絲ncurrent changes in American music. In the 1950s through the 1970s, the descendants of Caribbean slaves in Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago were mixing their traditional folk music styles of mento and Calypso music with the jazz, soul, rock and blues of America.. In Jamaica this influenced the creation of Reggae music (and later Dancehall), while in Trinidad, this influenced the creation of Soca. As early as 1969, Deejays were toasting (an African tradition of "rapped out" tal

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