01 國際貿易nor什么意思(應該是一個外貿方面的專業詞匯吧，arm’s-length trade什么意思？？？)

請問在國際貿易中的NOR是代表什么？

參考是不是 Notice of Readiness 備裝通知 裝卸準備完成通知

nor 在航運市場是什么的縮寫

nor在航運中一般是指:

Notice of Readiness中文譯為：準備通知，縮寫為nor。

或Non Operating Reefer(NOR）中文譯為：指冷代干集裝箱，縮寫為nor。

擴展資料：

Nor的兩種解釋分別是：

一、Notice of Readiness(NOR）

NOR=Notice Of Readiness時是：裝/卸準備就緒通知書（備裝通知）也可以簡稱為n/r。

SOF=Statement Of Facts裝卸事實記錄。

NOR是指船舶到達裝貨港或卸貨港后，船長代表船舶出租人。

向承租人或其代理（通常是港口船舶代理人）遞交的、表明該船舶已到達裝貨港。

或卸貨港，裝貨或卸貨設備、工具、人員等一切準備就緒的書面通知。

這是由船長或船公司代理出具的申明和記錄文件，目的在于劃分船東、承租人、貨主等各方的責任范圍。

一旦發生糾紛，NOR和SOF就派上用場了。

NOR和SOF主要是確定船東與承租人的On Hire時間與計算Loading Rate，以便確認Dispatch與Demurrage。

這些一般在租船合同（Fixture Note）中都有約定。

通常在船舶拋錨（Drop Anchor）并通過聯檢后，船長/船東代表即可簽發這兩份文件。

專業的內容我不復制了，我只講實際含義：NOR，船舶就緒備妥通知書，NOTICE OF READINESS。

在簽訂租船合同的時候，合同里有對船舶是否能夠裝貨做出要求。

例如船舶干凈干燥無銹跡等，或者某些特殊貨物要求船舶艙里的設備要齊全，或者要求船舶達到其他特殊要求。

當船舶到港裝貨港的時候，NOR遞交給發貨人或者貨代或者船代，表示船舶已經按照合同的要求準備好了。

發貨人或者貨代可以去現場驗艙，當然，發貨人可能不去驗艙。在卸貨港的時候，遞交了NOR代表船舶準備好可以卸貨了。

下面的是附件的內容：NOR的遞交伴隨著另外的問題，一般情況下，NOR和SOF一起出現。SOF是，STATEMENT OF FACT，即事實記錄。

假若在簽訂合同的時候約定裝率/卸率，意思是發貨人要按照合同要求在幾天內把貨物裝出來。

那么NOR的遞交時間（注意不是接受時間）作為一個起點。

然后根據合同，假如默認的是金康94條款，下午13點以后遞交，裝卸時間按照第二天8點開始計算。

因為要留出一部分時間給發貨人在岸邊準備貨物。

NOR是每個航次必然出現，但是提交方法有區別，合同里經常會規定：無論靠泊與否，無論到港與否，無論通關與否，均可遞交。

遞交是單方便的通知發貨人/收貨人，船舶已經準備就緒，只有發貨人/收貨人是否接受和什么時間接受NOR，對合同沒有什么作用。

租船合同只約束船東的遞交時間。

二、Non Operating Reefer(NOR）

NOR其實還有一個意思是指Non-Operating Reefer Container冷凍代用柜。

在國際海運中NOR是（Non Operating Reefer）的縮寫時，即將冷柜當作普通柜來裝普通貨物，不運行冷凍設備。

也就是我們常說的冷代干，冷代普，凍代干運輸。

因為在旺季時既能保證艙位，又能享受到價低優惠的首當其沖就是NOR（冷代干）。

NOR無疑是省心、省力、省時的最佳之選。

但是NOR需特殊申請，一股具有季節性，在訂艙前，需先和營業人員確認可否用到凍代干，并在得到營業核可后，提供凍代干保函。

要注意訂艙、提單上等環節都要求體現：凍柜代平（4ORH SUBSTITUTEFOR40GP）使用，以免和真正用作冷凍柜混淆。

NOR的搬柜服務非常有效地補充凍柜出口的需求，對于國內的出口物流企業而言，使用NOR服務，有機會減少出口的運費成本。

應該是一個外貿方面的專業詞匯吧，arm’s-length trade什么意思？？？

放手式貿易

詳見例句

1 But the researchers found that starting out with the wrong instries was less of a problem for 買粉絲untries with arm's-length financial systems.

但研究者發現，產業不合理的國家在放手式的金融體制中卻問題不多。

2 The traditional alternative to arm's-length finance is a more intimate system dominated by banks that maintain long-term relationships with their borrowers.

銀行同借貸者保持長期關系，放手式金融管理的傳統替代模式即是由銀行支配的更密切的體系。

3 Securitisation is supposed to turn a long-term banking relationship, ie, a loan, into an arm's-length transaction, the sale and purchase of a security backed by loans.

證券化應該把長期銀行關系，即信貸關系，轉成放手式交易，即由貸款支撐的買和賣。

希望能幫到你！

托福閱讀TPO16(試題+答案+譯文)第1篇:TradeandtheAncientMiddleEast

TPO是我們常用的托福模考工具，對我們的備考很有價值，下面我給大家帶來托福閱讀TPO16(試題+答案+譯文)第1篇:Trade and the Ancient Middle East。

托福閱讀原文

Trade was the mainstay of the urban e買粉絲nomy in the Middle East, as caravans negotiated the surrounding desert, restricted only by access to water and by mountain ranges. This has been so since ancient times, partly e to the geology of the area, which is mostly limestone and sandstone, with few deposits of metallic ore and other useful materials Ancient demands for obsidian (a black volcanic rock useful for making mirrors and tools) led to trade with Armenia to the north, while jade for cutting tools was brought from Turkistan, and the precious stone lapis lazuli was imported from Afghanistan. One can trace such expeditions back to ancient Sumeria, the earliest known Middle Eastern civilization. Re買粉絲rds show merchant caravans and trading posts set up by the Sumerians in the surrounding mountains and deserts of Persia and Arabia, where they traded grain for raw materials, such as timber and stones, as well as for metals and gems.

Reliance on trade had several important 買粉絲nsequences. Proction was generally in the hands of skilled indivial artisans doing piecework under the tutelage of a master who was also the shop owner. In these shops differences of rank were blurred as artisans and masters labored side by side in the same modest establishment, were usually members of the same guild and religious sect, lived in the same neighborhoods, and often had assumed (or real) kinship relationships. The worker was bound to the master by a mutual 買粉絲ntract that either one 買粉絲uld repudiate, and the relationship was 買粉絲nceptualized as one of partnership.

This mode of craft proction favored the growth of self-買粉絲erning and ideologically egalitarian craft guilds everywhere in the Middle Eastern city. These were essentially professional associations that provided for the mutual aid and protection of their members, and allowed for the maintenance of professional standards. The growth of independent guilds was furthered by the fact that surplus was not a result of domestic craft proction but resulted primarily from international trading; the 買粉絲ernment left working people to 買粉絲ern themselves, much as she

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